Term
| What are the white blood cells that take in & destroy waste & foreign material? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils & macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
White blood cells travel to the site of infection, then they
take in waste & foreign material & finally destroy it |
|
|
Term
| What type of white blood cell can be found in tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
| Type of lymphocyte found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells do? |
|
Definition
Recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes
(virus infected & cancer cells)
Secretes a protein (Periforin) that breaks down target cells membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein secreted by natural killer cells that breaks down the target cell's membrane
(perforate the membrane) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Non-specific response to tissue damaging irritant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation caused by pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
{PRISH}
Pain,
Redness,
Immobile,
Swelling,
Heat |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during an inflammatory process? |
|
Definition
1) Damaged cells release histamine & other substances
2) Dilate small blood vessels
3) Attract white blood cells to area |
|
|
Term
| What do the secretions from white blood cells do when they are attracted to an area? |
|
Definition
WBCs secrete substances that dilate blood vessels, increase capillary permeability, & promote/prolong inflammation
(Some trigger pain receptors) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when neutrophils & other granulocytes leave blood & enter tissues? |
|
Definition
Fluid from plasma leaks out
(Contains clotting proteins, which "wall off" area, limiting the spread of infection) |
|
|
Term
| During inflammation, after the infected area has been isolated to prevent infection, what occurs to the inflamed area? |
|
Definition
Swelling increases pain
(Produce Exudate:
Mix of WBCs, pathogens & destroyed tissue cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mix of white blood cells, pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after swelling increases pain in an inflammatory reaction? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes destroyed; dead cells accumulate |
|
|
Term
| When phagocytes are destroyed, accumulating dead cells; what is accumulated? |
|
Definition
Increase of Pus:
Mixture of exudate, living & dead WBCs & pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of exudate, living & dead WBC & pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after the accumulation of pus? |
|
Definition
Lymphatic vessels begin draining the inflamed area
(Carrying fluid to lymph nodes for filtration) |
|
|
Term
| What makes lymph nodes enlarged & tender? |
|
Definition
Lymphatic vessels drain infected area to filter it through the lymph nodes
(phagocytes multiply) |
|
|
Term
| What does a damaged tissue release? |
|
Definition
Damaged tissue release inflammatory chemicals
(Histamine) |
|
|
Term
| What do inflammatory chemicals do to damaged tissue? |
|
Definition
1) Attract white blood cells
2) Cause vasodilation
3) Increase capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after damaged tissues releases inflammatory chemicals? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes destroy foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after phagocytes destroy foreign material? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes clean debris from the damaged area |
|
|
Term
| What occurs before a tissue is repaired? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes destroy foreign material & then clean debris from the damaged area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phagocytes are exposed to infecting agents, they release pyrogens
(Substances that act on hypothalamus to raise body temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substances that act on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
(Released by phagocytes when exposed to infecting agents) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Stimulates phagocytes
2) Increases metabolism
3) Decreases some organism ability to multiply
{SID} |
|
|
Term
| Why do viruses use resources in the cells they invade to reproduce themselves? |
|
Definition
| Because viruses can't generate ATP or create proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more viruses |
|
|
Term
| What do interferons interact with & what do they do? |
|
Definition
1) Interact with receptors on uninfected neighboring cells,
2) "Interfere" with virus's ability to infect neighboring cells
(Also act non-specifically on innuendo system cells) |
|
|
Term
| What are Complements & how are they activated? |
|
Definition
1) Specialized proteins (enzymes) in blood
2) Activated by immune responses |
|
|
Term
| What is activated by the presence of foreign substances or antigen-antibody complexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of complement? |
|
Definition
1) Promotes inflammation
2) Attracts phagocytes
3) Coats foreign cells
4) Destroys cells
{PACD} |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2nd line of defenses? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Natural killer cells
Complement
Interferons
{PINCI} |
|
|
Term
| What is the target for phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
Dead or damaged cells;
Foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killer cells target? |
|
Definition
| Cancer or virus-infected cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tissue-damaging irritation
(any kind) |
|
|
Term
| What do interferons target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do complements promote? |
|
Definition
Specialized protein that promotes...
Phagocytosis & inflammation; attacks bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of immunity? |
|
Definition
Innate immunity &
Adaptive immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Each person is born with their own ability to fight off pathogens
2) Most pathogens can't spread from species
(Ex: Cats can't get small pox) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed over a life time due to encounters of various pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of specific immunity? |
|
Definition
1) Stimulated by antigens
2) Acquired over a life time
3) Specific response to specific pathogens
4) Has memory
{SASH} |
|
|
Term
| What is a Antigen & how does it effect the body? |
|
Definition
1) Foreign substances (protein) that enters the body
2) Induce immune response of certain lymphocytes (B &T cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the B & T cells? |
|
Definition
| T cells are immuno-competent |
|
|
Term
| Where are antigens found? |
|
Definition
| Surface of pathogenic organisms & tissue; cells; pollens; toxins; foods |
|
|
Term
| Where do T cells originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lymphocyte migrates to the thymus after it is released from the bone marrow, during fetal development? |
|
Definition
T cell become immuno-competent in the Thymus during fetal development
(Sensitized to specific antigens) |
|
|
Term
| 70-80% of which lymphocyte is circulating throughout the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do T cells migrate? |
|
Definition
| Lymph nodes, spleen or loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What kind of immunity do T cells provide? |
|
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
(Directly attack substances exhibiting a foreign antigen) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of T cells? |
|
Definition
....T cells....
Cytotoxic
Helper
Regulatory
Memory
{CH(A)RM} |
|
|
Term
| What do Cytotoxic T cells target? |
|
Definition
Destroy cells with unfamiliar antigens directly...
1) Virus infected cells,
2) Cancer cells,
3) Cells with
Intracellular bacteria parasites
4) Cells from
Transfusions or transplants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Release interleukins
(Stimulate...)
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
Macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Suppress immune response;
2) May inhibit or destroy other lymphocytes to prevent over-activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Remember" antigen & start rapid response if it's encountered again |
|
|
Term
| What are T cells stimulated by? |
|
Definition
1) Phagocytic,
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
2) Macrophages
3) Dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when macrophages ingest & break down foreign antigens? |
|
Definition
| Displays fragments of the foreign antigen in its plasma membrane (Combines foreign antigen with 1 of its own "self" antigens) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when macrophages present a combination of self/non-self antigen to a T cell? |
|
Definition
| Receptor on the T cell will bind with both, activating the T cell |
|
|
Term
| Where do B cell originate & mature? |
|
Definition
| Originate & mature in the red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What does the B cells produce & what type of immunity do they provide? |
|
Definition
1) Produce Antibodies,
2) Provide antibody-mediated immunity or hormonal immunity |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when a B cell is exposed to an antigen? |
|
Definition
Multiply rapidly
(Resulting group of cells is a "clone") |
|
|
Term
| What do most of the "clones" become when a B cell multiplies? |
|
Definition
1) Most become plasma cells
2) Others become memory cells |
|
|
Term
| What are plasma cells AKA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do plasma cells produce & how often? |
|
Definition
| 2,000 Antibodies a second |
|
|
Term
| What is the relation of the plasma cells to the foreign antigens? |
|
Definition
"Lock & Key" shape to foreign antigen...
1) Make antigen unable to damage cells
2) Make antigen vulnerable to phagocytes, complement & natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are antibodies contained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hormonal immunity generally protect against? |
|
Definition
AKA Antibody-mediated immunity
Circulating antigens & bacteria (extra-cellular pathogens) |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the antibodies activate as a function? |
|
Definition
Natural killer cells
Complement |
|
|
Term
| What are the promoting functions of the antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Promote Phagocytosis by causing antigens to cluster together |
|
|
Term
| What is the binding function of the antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Bind to antigen to prevent it from interacting with body's cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the neutralizing function of the antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Neutralize toxins by binding to them & preventing them from damaging cells |
|
|
Term
| When do antibody levels peak? |
|
Definition
~10 days after the 1st response begins (then slowly decline)
Peaks after 2-3 days at higher levels |
|
|
Term
| What should occur if the same antigen is encountered again? |
|
Definition
Immunity response is faster
(More efficient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"You caught it, you fought it"
(Acquired through contact with a specific disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acquired through transmission of material antibodies to fetus & baby (Acquired through breast feeding) |
|
|
Term
| Artificial active immunity |
|
Definition
| Acquired through contact with a vaccine (flu shot) |
|
|
Term
| Artificial passive immunity |
|
Definition
Acquired through delivery of manufactured antibodies to individual
(Ex: Poisonous venom antidote) |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgG antibody found? |
|
Definition
| Blood, lymph & intestines |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgA anybody found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgM antibody found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgD antibody found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgE antibody found? |
|
Definition
| Produced in mucous membranes & tonsils |
|
|
Term
| What do the IgG antibody do? |
|
Definition
Activates complement,
Neutralizes toxins,
Enhance phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What do the IgA antibody do? |
|
Definition
1) Provides mucous membrane against bacteria & viruses
2) Provide immunity to basics through breast milk |
|
|
Term
| What do the IgM antibody do? |
|
Definition
Stimulate agglutination &
Activates complement |
|
|
Term
| What do the IgE antibody do? |
|
Definition
| Binds to basophils/mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What antibody crosses the placenta, providing immunity to fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibody is 1st to be produced after infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibody is present in allergic reactions & parasitic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibody is the receptor sites for antigens & activating B cells when antigen binds with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
