Term
|
Definition
Continuous 1-way circuit of blood vessels through which blood is pumped by the heart
(72-75 BPM is average)
Beats Per Minute |
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Term
| Where is the heart located? |
|
Definition
Between the lungs
(in mediastinum)
Left of the midline |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pointed, inferior (bottom) portion; oriented slightly to the left |
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Term
|
Definition
| Broad flat portion at the superior (top) aspect; where the large vessels attach |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slightly larger than your fist |
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|
Term
| How many chambers are there in the heart? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Interior wall that lines the heart's interior; a thin & smooth layer of epithelial cells (endothelium) |
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Term
|
Definition
Sac that encloses (around) heart
(Consists of fibrous pericardium & serous pericardium) |
|
|
Term
| What does the pericardium consist of? |
|
Definition
Sac that encloses (around) heart
Fibrous pericardium &
serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What is the innermost layer of the heart wall? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the heart wall? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the heart wall? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which layer of the heart wall is a thin serous membrane? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a thick layer of cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What layer of the heart is a thin & smooth layer of epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of the endocardium? |
|
Definition
| Line the interior of the hollow chambers & covers the heart valves |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the myocardium? |
|
Definition
| Contracts to pump blood into the arteries |
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Term
| What is the function of epicardium? |
|
Definition
| Cover the heart & form the visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Tough, outer layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm & sternum |
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|
Term
| Why does the serous pericardium have 2 layers? |
|
Definition
| Layers in the serous pericardium doubles back on itself |
|
|
Term
| What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium do? |
|
Definition
| Lines the fibrous pericardium |
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Term
| What does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium do? |
|
Definition
| Covers the heart's surface |
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|
Term
| What is the visceral pericardium A.K.A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers? |
|
Definition
| There is a slight parietal cavity between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers |
|
|
Term
| What does the serous fluid do, that is produced between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the pericardium is between the fibrous pericardium & the myocardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which layer of the pericardium is on the surface of the heart? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What layer of the pericardium is a fibrous sac? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which layer of the pericardium is a double membrane sac with fluid between layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layers of the pericardium are serous membranes? |
|
Definition
| Parietal & visceral layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
1) Enclose & protect the heart
2) Anchor heart to surrounding structures
(diaphragm & sternum) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the serous pericardium? |
|
Definition
| Lubricate fluid reduces friction within the pericardium as the heart functions |
|
|
Term
| What layer does the parietal layer form? |
|
Definition
| Form the outer layer of the serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What layer does the visceral layer form? |
|
Definition
Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium
(Visceral Pericardium=Epicardium) |
|
|
Term
| What is the tough outer layer of the heart that anchors to other structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which serous membrane, lines the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the slight, lubricated (by serous fluid) space between the layers of the serous pericardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the heart's outermost layer that is a serous membrane on the surface of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium) |
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|
Term
| What is the thickest layer of the heart that is also a muscle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the epithelium lining the heart chambers? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What do the muscles in the myocardium look like? |
|
Definition
| Striated & branching muscle fibers with intercalated disks & have single nucleus per cell |
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|
Term
| What kind of control does the myocardium have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are intercalated disks & where are they? |
|
Definition
| Specialized areas of the plasma membrane in the myocardium that allows cardiac cells to transfer electrical impulses between quickly |
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|
Term
| What does the right double pump division of the heart do? |
|
Definition
| Pumps De-oxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary circuit |
|
|
Term
| What does the left double pump division of the heart do? |
|
Definition
| Pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 chambers in the double pump divisions in the heart? |
|
Definition
Atrium (top) in heart
Ventricle (bottom) out lungs/system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper chamber on right & left sides of the heart that receive blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower chambers on right & left sides of the heart that pump blood |
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|
Term
| What is the right & left sides of the atria & ventricle separated by? |
|
Definition
Partitions called septums
(consist of myocardium) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Partitions that divides the atria from each other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Partitions that divides the ventricles from each other |
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|
Term
| Which ventricle has the thickest wall? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle has the thickest wall |
|
|
Term
| Which ventricle makes up the apex of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle makes up the apex of the heart |
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|
Term
| Where is the right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the right ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the heart receives blood from the venue cavae & the coronary sinus, then pump blood to right ventricle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of the heart receives blood from the atrium & pumps blood into pulmonary trunk with branches carrying blood to the lungs to be oxygenated? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood coming back to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary veins & pumps blood into the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of the heart receives blood from the left atrium & pumps blood into the aorta to be carried to tissues in the systemic circuit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the 4 valves located? |
|
Definition
| At the entrance & exit of each ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What do the valves in the heart do? |
|
Definition
| 1-way valves direct blood flow through the heart |
|
|
Term
| What valve is between the atria & ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular (AV) valves |
|
|
Term
| Where is the atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
|
Definition
| Between atria & ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What prevents the blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricle contracts? |
|
Definition
1) Left atrioventricular (AV) valve (bicuspid or mitrol valve)
[2 cusps or flaps]
2) Right atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve)
[3 cusps or flaps] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fibers attached to papillary muscles in ventricle walls
(Stabilize so they prevent back flow of blood) |
|
|
Term
| What protects the atrioventricular (AV) valves during ventricular contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the exits of the ventricles, these valves keeps blood from flowing back into the heart when ventricles relax (back pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pulmonary (pulmonic) & aortic valve part of? |
|
Definition
Part of the semi-lunar valve
{PAS} |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Pulmonary (pulmonic) artery? |
|
Definition
| At the exit of the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Aortic valve? |
|
Definition
| At the exit of the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
|
Definition
Between the right atrium & right ventricle
(Tricuspid valve) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the left atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
|
Definition
| Between the left atrium & left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pulmonary semi-lunar valve? |
|
Definition
| At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| Where is the aortic semi-lunar valve? |
|
Definition
| At the entrance to the aorta |
|
|
Term
| Which valve has 3 cusps (tricuspid valve)? |
|
Definition
| Right atrioventricular (AV) valve |
|
|
Term
| What valve has 2 cusps (dicuspid or mitral valve)? |
|
Definition
| Left atrioventricular (AV) valve |
|
|
Term
| What valve has 3 half-moon shaped cusps? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary semi-lunar valve
Aortic semi-lunar valve |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the right atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
|
Definition
| Prevents blood from flowing back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts (systole) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve? |
|
Definition
| Prevents blood from flowing back up into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts (systole) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pulmonary semi-lunar valve? |
|
Definition
| Prevents back flow into the right ventricle, when the right ventricle relaxes (diastole) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the aortic semi-lunar valve? |
|
Definition
| Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle, when the left ventricle relaxes (diastole) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Myocardium has its own blood vessels to provide oxygen, nutrients, & remove waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main supplies of heart muscle (myocardium)
Branches off aorta just beyond the aortic valve (right & left coronary artery) |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from heart wall? |
|
Definition
Cardiac veins...
Drain blood from heart wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction phase of the heart's activity, usually the contraction of ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resting phase, usually the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 complete sequence of heart contraction & relaxation
(1 heart beat) |
|
|
Term
| How long is each cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
1 heart beat
(72-75 average resting heart rate)
Lasts an average of .8 seconds |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the ventricles is diastole? |
|
Definition
Atria fill with blood, which flows directly into the relaxed ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valve open then close
Semi-lunar valve close |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the atrial systole? |
|
Definition
Contraction of Atria pumps additional blood into the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valve open
Semi-lunar valve close |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the ventricular systole? |
|
Definition
Contraction of ventricles pumps blood into aorta & pulmonary arteries
2 atrioventricular (AV) valves close
Semi-lunar valves open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute |
|
|
Term
| How is the cardiac output calculated? |
|
Definition
Cardiac Output=Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
(CO=SVxHR)
CO=mL/min
75 beats/min x 70 mL/beat= 5250 mL/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood pumped by the heart per heart-beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of heart beats per minute |
|
|
Term
| What does cardiac output vary with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sterling's Law of the Heart |
|
Definition
| Greater the end-diastolic volume of the heart, the greater the stroke volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much blood fills heart during its relaxation phase |
|
|
Term
| End-diastolic volume is linked to the strength of what? |
|
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Greater volume= Great contraction
The more cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract, the stronger their contraction will be |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor in determining end-diastolic volume? |
|
Definition
Venous return
(Amount of blood returning to the heart) |
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase venous return also increase what? |
|
Definition
Stroke Volume
Force of Contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors the increase venous return? |
|
Definition
Circulatory massage
Exercise
Slow heart rate (HR) |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that decrease venous return? |
|
Definition
Severe blood loss
Extremely rapid heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the heart's conduction system? |
|
Definition
| Tissue with qualities of both muscle & nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
| What does the heart's conduction system do? |
|
Definition
| Produces electrical energy, stimulating cardiac muscles |
|
|
Term
| What allows cardiac muscles cells to contract regular on their own, even if all nervous connections are cut? |
|
Definition
| The heart's conduction system |
|
|
Term
| What is the heart muscle controlled by? |
|
Definition
1) Autonomic Nervous System
2) Intrinsic Conduction System |
|
|
Term
| What does the intrinsic conduction system do? |
|
Definition
Cause cardiac muscle depolarization to travel from atria to ventricles
(Set contraction rate of about 75 beats per minute) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) In upper wall of right atrium;
2) Generates an action potential at regular intervals |
|
|
Term
| What is the sinoatrial (SA) node is A.K.A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node? |
|
Definition
| In the inter-atrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)? |
|
Definition
| At the top of the inter-ventricle septum |
|
|
Term
| Where is the bundle branches? |
|
Definition
| Extend from the atrioventricular bundle through the inter ventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
| Spread out from he bundle branches, forming a network through the ventricular walls |
|
|
Term
| What do intercalated disks do? |
|
Definition
| Allow for rapid transmission of impulses grouch the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| If sinoatrial node sets the heart's pace, then what can influence the heart & allow it to adapt rapidly to a body's rapidly changing needs? |
|
Definition
Nervous system
Endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| How does the sympathetic nervous system influence the heart? |
|
Definition
Speeds up heart rate (HR)
(Stimulates sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node, & myocardium) |
|
|
Term
| How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence the heart? |
|
Definition
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) slows heart down
(Acts on sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node) |
|
|
Term
| How does the endocrine system influence the heart? |
|
Definition
Epinephrine speeds heart rate up
Thyroxine speeds heart rate up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow heart rate
(Typically less than 60 beats/minute) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A heart rate greater than 100 beats/minute
(Normal during exercise; may be abnormal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in heart rate due to changes in rate & depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
| Premature beat (extra systole) |
|
Definition
| Beat that comes before the expected normal beat |
|
|
Term
| Who can have a premature beat (extrasysole)? |
|
Definition
1) May occur in healthy people
2) Common in people with heart disease |
|
|
Term
| What does a heart beat sound like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Lub in a heart beat? |
|
Definition
1st heart sound
Lower in pitch & long lasting
(Due to the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole) |
|
|
Term
| What is the dup in a heart beat? |
|
Definition
2nd heart sound
Shorter & sharper
(Due to closure of semilunar valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes an Organic murmur? |
|
Definition
| Any structural change in the heat or vessels around it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal sound other than
"Lub-dub" |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk favors for heart disease that cannot be modified? |
|
Definition
Sex (gender)
Heredity
Age
Body Type |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for heart disease that can be modified? |
|
Definition
Smoking
Physical activity
Weight
Diet
Blood pressure
Diabetes
Gout |
|
|
Term
| In the right atrium, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
Receives deoxygenated (venous) blood returning from body tissues through the superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
(below diaphragm)
Pumps to right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| In the right ventricle, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
1) Receives blood from right atrium
2) Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk (artery)
3) Pulmonary trunk bifurcated into let & right pulmonary arteries
(2 ways) |
|
|
Term
| In the pulmonary arteries, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
| Left & right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| In the lungs, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
Gas exchange
(CO2 [drops off] exits blood steam; [picks up] O2 enters)
Blood travels to pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| In the left atrium, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
Receives oxygen rich blood coming from the lungs via pulmonary veins
Blood travels to left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| In the left ventricle, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
Receives blood from left atrium
Pumps blood out through the aorta |
|
|
Term
| In the aorta, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
| Divides into smaller arteries that carry blood to the body tissue |
|
|
Term
| In the body tissues, what is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
|
Definition
Gas exchange
(O2 exits the blood stream;
CO2 enters)
Blood enters the venous portion of system circulation, returning to the heart's right atrium through the SVC & IVC |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the blood enters the coronary arteries from aorta? |
|
Definition
| Coronary arteries bifurcate into smaller vessels, leading into capillaries beds |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after the coronary arteries bifurcate into smaller vessels, leading into capillaries beds? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange with myocardium occurs within heart walls |
|
|
Term
| What happens after the gas exchange with myocardium occurs within the heart wall? |
|
Definition
| Deoxygenated blood drains into coronary veins |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after deoxygenated blood drains into coronary veins? |
|
Definition
| Coronary veins drain into right atrium (RA) through coronary sinus |
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|
