Term
| What is the only liquid connective tissue in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport O2 nutrients & other important substances (ex: hormones), along with waste & heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How thick is the fluid
(gel V.S. water) |
|
|
Term
| Is the liquid matrix with cells suspended living? |
|
Definition
| Liquid matrix with cells suspended in it is NON-living matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes blood to be dark & light colored? |
|
Definition
| Less CO2 content= Darker red More O2 content= Bright orangey red |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of the body weight is blood? |
|
Definition
8% total body weight
(~5 liters in a average adult male) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of blood? |
|
Definition
Transportation
Regulation
Protection |
|
|
Term
| How does the blood protect against disease? |
|
Definition
| Special cells & antibodies in the blood defend against pathogens |
|
|
Term
| How does the blood protect against blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7.35 - 7.45 pH (slightly alkaline) |
|
|
Term
| What does the blood regulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the blood regulate fluid balance? |
|
Definition
| Albumin proteins in blood maintain proper osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does the blood regulate & absorb heat? |
|
Definition
| Heat is generated in muscles & transports the heated blood to other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| What would make blood more acidic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the needed substances that blood transports through out the body? |
|
Definition
1) Brings O2 to body cells
2) Brings nutrients & other needed substances
(hormones, electrolytes, & vitamins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the waste products that blood transports & how are they removed? |
|
Definition
1) Lungs eliminate CO2
2) Kidneys eliminate excess water, acids, electrolytes & urea
3) Liver removes blood pigments, hormones & drugs |
|
|
Term
| What does the kidney remove from the blood & body? |
|
Definition
| Excess water, acids, electrolytes & urea |
|
|
Term
| What does the liver remove from the blood & body? |
|
Definition
| Blood pigments, hormones & drugs |
|
|
Term
| What can blood be divided into? |
|
Definition
1) Plasma Liquid Matrix
2) Formed element cells + cell fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red blood cells that transport O2 (part of the formed element cells + cell fragments)
[NOT part of plasma liquid matrix] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White blood cells that protect against infection
(part of the formed element cells + cell fragments)
[NOT part of plasma liquid matrix] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thrombocytes cell fragments that aid in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| What % of the plasma is blood volume, water & different substances dissolved or suspended in water? |
|
Definition
55% is blood volume
91% is water
9% substances dissolved or suspended in the water |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of proteins in the blood plasma & what are they? |
|
Definition
8%
Albumin
Clotting factors
Antibodies
Complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Most abundant protein in plasma
2) Important for osmotic pressure
3) Made in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Protein in the plasma that is need for coagulation
2) Made in the liver
(vitamin K is needed for synthesize) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Immunity function
2) Made by certain White Blood Cells (body's defenses) |
|
|
Term
| What is the remaining 1% in 9% of substances dissolved or suspended in the water of the blood plasma? |
|
Definition
1) Glucose (blood sugar)
2) Amino acid (products of protein digestion)
3) Lipids (fats, cholesterol & lipoproteins)
4) Electrolytes (Ca, P, K, Na, I & Mg)
5) Vitamins
6) Hormones
7) Wastes
8) Drugs
9) Dissolved CO2 + O2 |
|
|
Term
| Where are all the blood's formed elements produced in the body? |
|
Definition
Red bone marrow
(end of long bones & inner portion of other bones) |
|
|
Term
| Where do all blood cells come from? |
|
Definition
| Hemato-poletic (blood forming) stem cells in the epitheseal plates of red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How long do blood cells live? |
|
Definition
Short lives so they need to be replaced constantly
(100-120 days) |
|
|
Term
| What are different types of Leukocytes? |
|
Definition
White blood cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many organelles do erythrocytes have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do erythrocytes produce ATP? |
|
Definition
Anaerobically
(carries O2 but doesn't use it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of granulocytes? |
|
Definition
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
(BEN-G) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most numerous white blood cell? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (granulocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What white blood cell is 1st to reach injury & active at sites of acute infection? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (granulocytes) |
|
|
Term
| Which white blood cell is phagocytic? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (granulocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What do neutrophils attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White blood cell (granulocyte)
Deals with parasitic infection & allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the least common granulocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which white blood cell deals with allergic & inflammatory reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do basophils release & why? |
|
Definition
| Release histamine to make blood vessels leaky (draws other white blood cells to inflamed area) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd most numerous white blood cell? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes (agranulocyte) |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest white blood cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What white blood cells originate in red bone marrow, but develop in lymphoid tissues? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes (agranulocyte) |
|
|
Term
| Which white blood cells are important in immunity & help create T & B cells? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes (agranulocyte) |
|
|
Term
| Which white blood cells becomes macrophages when they migrate into the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most & least abundant white blood cells present in the body? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils (54-62%)
Lymphocytes (25-38%)
Monocytes (3-7%)
Eosinophils (1-3%)
Basophils (<1%)
{Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas} |
|
|
Term
| What happens when foreign organisms invade the body? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow & lymphoid tissues produce many white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What does an elevated count of white blood cells in blood indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the by product when white blood cells are destroyed when fighting pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A mixture of living & dead bacteria, along with living & dead white blood cells
(By product when white blood cells are sometimes destroyed when fighting pathogens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collection of pus in one area
(By product when white blood cells are sometimes destroyed when fighting pathogens) |
|
|
Term
| What is the small formed element in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Platelets in blood
2) Fragments released from megakaryocytes
(Not cells=no nucleus or DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is essential for blood coagulation (clotting)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes the body produce different types of blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Each type of blood cell is produced in response to changing body needs & different stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Where do all formed elements come from? |
|
Definition
Hemocytoblast
Same type of stem cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the different hematocyoblasts & what do they produce? |
|
Definition
1) Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes
2) Myeloid stem cells produce all other kinds of formed element |
|
|
Term
| Where are red blood cells produced in a fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are red blood cells produced once an infant is born? |
|
Definition
Red bone marrow once born
(spleen in fetus) |
|
|
Term
| How long do red blood cells live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What removes red blood cells in the spleen & liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constantly replaces red blood cells? |
|
Definition
Hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
(Process takes 3-5 days) |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the red blood cells to be replaced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone produced mainly by the kidneys to control red blood cell production
(target tissue is bone marrow) |
|
|
Term
| When are there more erythropoietin in the body? |
|
Definition
| When oxygen levels are low (drop), kidneys release more erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| How much erythropoietin is there always present in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of white blood cells is stimulated by which hormones? |
|
Definition
| Colony stimulating factors & interleukins |
|
|
Term
| When are white blood cells released? |
|
Definition
| Released in response to chemicals associated with inflammation or the presence of certain bacteria & their toxins |
|
|
Term
| What hormone increases the production of platelets? |
|
Definition
| Hormone thrombopoietin increases production of platelets |
|
|
Term
| What does hemostasis & coagulation do? |
|
Definition
| Prevents blood loss when blood vessels rupture |
|
|
Term
| What decreases a blood loss until a clot can be formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constriction of smooth muscles in damaged blood vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of a blood clot in damaged blood vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the formation of platelet plug is formed? |
|
Definition
Platelets release chemicals that enhance vasoconstriction & attract more platelets
(Forming the platelet plug) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after a blood vessel wall is damaged & vasoconstriction has become active? |
|
Definition
| Collagen fibers are exposed, which causes platelets to adhere to the site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that promote clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that prevent clotting |
|
|
Term
| When are pro-coagulants & anti-coagulants dominant in the body? |
|
Definition
| Ordinarily, anti-coagulants dominate the body, but when injury occurs, pro-coagulants become dominant |
|
|
Term
| How long does the clotting process take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the final step in clotting involve? |
|
Definition
Conversion of a soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen into threads of insoluble fibrin,
which from the clot |
|
|
Term
| What is fibrinogen converted into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs once a clotting formation has begun? |
|
Definition
| Triggering factors are inactivated to prevent widespread clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce connective tissue to repair damage (migrate to clot) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clot is broken down once the vessels is repaired |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin ions are necessary for clotting process? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin K & calcium (Ca) ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prothrombin activator
Pro- Precursor
Ase- Enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Where are protein markers on blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between different blood cell types? |
|
Definition
| Different blood cell types have different protein markers |
|
|
Term
| What determines the compatibility for blood transfusion from donar to patient? |
|
Definition
(Antigens or aggilutingens) proteins on red blood cells
A & B antigens
Rh factor |
|
|
Term
| What does the body perceive unfamiliar antigens as? |
|
Definition
Foreign & stimulate the immune system to attack them
(Mixing blood types provokes the immune response) |
|
|
Term
| What is a potential negative consequence when different types of blood types are mixed? |
|
Definition
Mixing blood types provokes the immune response
(Body attacks unfamiliar antigens or aggilutingens) |
|
|
Term
| What do antibodies (agglutinins) do to foreign red blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Cause them to clump together (agglutination) which clogs small blood vessels throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| How the does the body destroy foreign blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Foreign blood cells will be ruptured (hemolyzed) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when foreign blood cells are ruptured (hemolyzed)? |
|
Definition
| Releases their hemoglobin, which can block the kidney tubules, leading to kidney failure & death |
|
|
Term
| What blood type is the universal donar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood type is the universal acceptor (leech/mosquito)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type A accept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type B accept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type AB accept? |
|
Definition
Any
(Universal acceptor [leech/mosquito]) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type O accept? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type A donate to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type B donate to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type AB donate to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood type can type O donate to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of serum does blood type A react to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of serum does blood type B react to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of serum does blood type AB react to? |
|
Definition
| Anti-A & Anti-B antiserum |
|
|
Term
| What kind of serum does blood type O react to? |
|
Definition
| None because it is a universal donar |
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibodies are produced in the plasma of blood type A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibodies are produced in the plasma of blood type B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibodies are produced in the plasma of blood type AB? |
|
Definition
| None, because it is a universal acceptor (leech/mosquito) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibodies are produced in the plasma of blood type O? |
|
Definition
| Anti-A & Anti-B antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How many people in the United States has another red blood cell antigen group known as the Rh factor? |
|
Definition
| 85% of United States population |
|
|
Term
| What does the blood have if a person is Rh+ or Rh-? |
|
Definition
Rh+ blood has the Rh antigen
Rh- blood lacks the Rh antigen |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when Rh+ blood is given to an Rh- person the 1st time? |
|
Definition
| They may produce antibodies to the Rh antigen, thus becoming sensitized to Rh factor |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when Rh+ blood is given to an Rh- person the 2nd time? |
|
Definition
| New antibodies will react to destroy it |
|
|
Term
| What can Rh incompatibility lead to in a infant or child? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if a Rh- mother has a Rh+ fetus? |
|
Definition
| Mother may develop antibodies to Rh factor if she is carrying an Rh+ fetus |
|
|
Term
| What occurs if a Rh- mother has a Rh+ fetus the 2nd time? |
|
Definition
| Some of her antibodies may pass from her blood to the fetus & attack it's Red Blood Cells |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what occurs after damaged tissues release substances that form prothombinase? |
|
Definition
Prothombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
(Calcium is required) |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what occurs after prothombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin? |
|
Definition
| Thrombin converts fibrogen to fibrin (calcium is required) |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what occurs after thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin? |
|
Definition
| Fibrin forms network of threads that trap red blood cells & forms the basis of a clot |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what occurs after fibrin forms network of threads that trap red blood cells & forms the basis of a clot? |
|
Definition
Clot retraction
Fibrin strands contract, pulling edges of ruptured vessels together & squeeze out serum |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what happens before prothrombinase converts thrombin? |
|
Definition
| Damaged tissues release substances that form prothrombinase |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what happens before thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin? |
|
Definition
| Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (calcium is required) |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what happens before fibrin forms network of threads that can trap red blood cells & forms the basis of a clot? |
|
Definition
| Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (calcium is required) |
|
|
Term
| During hemostasis & coagulation, what happens before clot retraction: fibrin strands contract, pulling edges of ruptured vessel together & squeeze out serum? |
|
Definition
| Fibrin forms network of threads that trap red blood cells & forms the basis of a clot |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when pathogens enter the body? |
|
Definition
| Phagocytes are drawn to the area |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after a pathogen has entered the body causing phagocytes to be drawn to the area? |
|
Definition
Dispedesis
Phagocytes squeeze between cells of the capillary wall to reach infected tissues |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after diapedesis? |
|
Definition
In the infected tissues,
Phagocytes engulf invaders |
|
|
Term
| What occurs after phagocytes engulf invaders in the infected tissue? |
|
Definition
Lysosomes in their cytoplasms digest the pathogens
(Cells eliminate the wastes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help clear the body of foreign material, cellular derbies & pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of all enzyme (proteins) that help fight pathogens |
|
|
