Term
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Definition
| Do not distinguish one type of threat from another. Their response is the same, regardless of he type of invading agent. These defenses, which are present at birth, provide a defensive capabilit known as nonspecific resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body. For example, a mosquito that lands on your head may be unable to reach the surface of the scalp if you have full head of hair |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris, Example of phagocytes are the macrophages of peripheral tissues and the eosinophils and neutrophils of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that coordinate the defenses against viral infections |
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Term
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Definition
| System of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens |
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Term
20.9
Explain how Physical Barriers Play a Role in Innate Immunity |
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Definition
| They prevent pathogens and toxins from entering through the bodies tissues. Integumentary system provides the barriers |
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Term
20.9
Explain how Phagocytes Play a Role in Innate Immunity |
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Definition
They provide the next line of defense. They hide in peripheral tisssues and removie debris and respond to invasion by foreign substances.
(Neutrophils, Eosinophils) |
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Term
20.10
Describe Immune Surveilance |
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Definition
| The constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells |
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Term
20.10
Explain the role of NK Cells |
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Definition
| Responsible for recognizing and destroying abnormal cells when they appear in peripheral tissues. Recognize bacteria, foreign cells, cells infected by viruses, and cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small proteins released by activate lymphocytes and macrophages and by cells infected with viruses. Binds to surfaces receptors on the cell and by second messengers, triggers the production of antiviral proteins in the cytoplams |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by cells infected with viruses. IFN alpha attracts and stimulates NK cells and enhances resistance to viral infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretred by fibroblasts and slows inflammation in a damaged area |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by T cells and NK cells and stimulates macrophage activity |
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Term
20.11
Pathways of Compement Activation |
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Definition
| Classical pathway and Alternative pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| The most rapid and effective activatoin of the complement system occurs |
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Term
20.11
Alternative Pathway |
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Definition
| The important in the defence against bacteria, some parasites, and virus-infected cells |
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Term
20.13
Properties of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
| Specificity, Versatility, Immunologic Memory, and Tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Activation of specific lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects. Each T,B cell has receptors that bind to one specific antigen but ignores all others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body. MIllions of different lymphocyte populations, each sensitive to a different antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists because cell divisions of activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells: one group that attacks the invader immediately, and another that remains inactive unless it is exposed to the same antigen at a later date. Inactive memory cells enable your immune system to remember antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| exists because the immune response ignored normal tissues but targest abnormal and foreign cells as well as toxins. develop over time in response to chronic exposure to an antigen |
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Term
22.4
Procress that Materials Move Through Digestive Tract |
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Definition
-Bolus of food arrives in digestive system
-Circular msucles contract behind bolus
-Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract
-Contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward |
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Term
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Definition
| Common passageway for solid food, liquids and air |
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Term
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Definition
| A hoolow muscular tube approximately 25 cm. Convey solid food and luqids to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Esophageal phase begins as the contracton of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the esophagus. Once in therr, the bolus is pushed towards the stomach by peristalsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction bnetween the stomach and the esophagus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior, medial portion of the stomach within 3 cm of the junction between the stomach and the esophagus. The cardia contains abundant mucous glands whose secretions coat the connection with the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| The sharp curve of the J. As mixing movemnts occurduring digestion, the pylorus frequently changes shape. |
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Term
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Definition
-Storage of ingested food
-Mechancial breakdown of ingested food
-Disruption of chemical bonds in food through the action of acid and enzymes
-Production of intrinsic folds |
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Term
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Definition
- Reabsorbing water and comacting the intestinal contents into feces
- Absorbing important vitamins generated by bacterial action
- Storing fecal material prior to defecation. The large intestine consists of three segments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lie under either side of the tongue, covered by the muscous membrane of the floor of the mouth. Produce a mucous secretion that acts a a buffer and lubricant |
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Term
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Definition
-Salivary amylase
-Pancreatic amylase
-Maltase
-Sucrase
-Lactase |
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