Term
| Who was the first scientist to look at cells through a microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Robert Hooke famously known for? |
|
Definition
| Being the first to utilize the microscope to examine cells |
|
|
Term
| Schleiden and Schwann were two German scientists who proposed what? |
|
Definition
| That all living things are composed of cells |
|
|
Term
| Which two scientists proposed that all living things are composed of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are all cells chiefly composed of? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane separates two of the body's major fluid compartments, called: |
|
Definition
| intracellular and extracellular |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer boundary of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A human cell is composed of three main parts, which are the: |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Integral proteins are firmly embedded in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| A double layer of lipid molecules with proteins inserted into it; forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Each phospholipid molecule has a polar head, which is ________, and a non-polar 'tail' that is made of two fatty acid chains and is _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 20% of membrane lipid is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most integral proteins are _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike integral proteins, peripheral proteins are not _________, and instead they _________ |
|
Definition
| embedded in the lipid bilayer, loosely attach to integral proteins |
|
|
Term
| Proteins make up about ______ of the plasma membrane by mass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sugary covering that describes the fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface |
|
|
Term
| The glycocalyx greatly aids cells in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 'transport' function of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Proteins may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that selectively allows a solute through. Alternatively, it could hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to pump a substance across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| How can a protein act as a receptor to certain signals? |
|
Definition
| Proteins that are exposed to the outside of a cell might come into contact with a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone. Once bound, said messenger could alter the protein's shape which could cause a chemical reaction within the cell. |
|
|
Term
| How is it helpful for a protein to attach to the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix? |
|
Definition
| Doing so can 'anchor' the cell to help maintain its shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins, and in some cases, can aid in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together. |
|
|
Term
| How are proteins involved in intercellular joining? |
|
Definition
| Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together to form various kinds of junctions, or they can provide temporary binding sites to guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions. |
|
|
Term
| When a cell is becoming cancerous, a definite change occurs in the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cancerous cell might be able to keep ahead of the body's immune system due to the |
|
Definition
| continuous altering of the cell's glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| What is a tight junction, and where might it be found? |
|
Definition
| An impermeable junction that prevents molecules from passing through the intercellular space; the digestive organs/system |
|
|
Term
| What is a desmosome, and where might such a system be found? |
|
Definition
| Anchoring junctions of bound adjacent cells that together form a molecular "Velcro" to form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers; skin and heart |
|
|
Term
| What are gap junctions, and where can they be found? |
|
Definition
| Junctions that communicate with each other and allow ions and small molecules to pass for intracellular communication; excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase surface area of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in a higher concentration to an area where there is a lower concentration. IE, down the concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| What is the driving force of diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The speed of diffusion is influenced by: |
|
Definition
| molecular size (the smaller, the faster) and by temperature (the warmer, the faster) |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid is an ________ flood composed mainly of ______,_____,______,_____,_____,______,_____. |
|
Definition
| extracellular; amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, regulatory substances (hormones and neurotransmitters), salts, and waste products. |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid is mainly derived from ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plasma membrane is _____ permeable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In passive processes, ____ is generally not required. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In active processes, ____ is usually required. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, usually ______, through a selectively permeable membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A molecule will diffuse through the plasma membrane if: |
|
Definition
| 1) it is lipid soluble, 2) small enough to pass through the membrane channels, OR 3) assisted by a carrier molecule |
|
|
Term
| Nonpolar molecules and lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer in _____ diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion is a passive process by which a substance moves through the plasma membrane through: |
|
Definition
| 1) binding to protein carriers and being ferried across, or 2) moving through water-filled protein channels |
|
|
Term
| Certain molecules, notably ______, pass through the lipid bilayer with the help of facilitated diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmembrane integral proteins that specifically transport certain polar molecules that are too large to pass through membrane channels. |
|
|
Term
| Channels are selective due to _____ size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive transport provides for a tremendous saving of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are isotonic solutions? |
|
Definition
| Same solute/water concentration inside and outside of cell; cell remains the same size and shape |
|
|
Term
| What are hypertonic solutions? |
|
Definition
| Contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside the cells, so cells lose water and shrink |
|
|
Term
| What are hypotonic solutions? |
|
Definition
| Contains a lesser concentration of solutes than are present inside the cells, so cells take in water, thus swelling and bursting (lyse) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering its internal water volume |
|
|
Term
| What are the concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes found in cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the body's extracellular fluids and most IV solutions are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Losing water and shrinking, as in hypertonic solutions, is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion (ie, all passive processes) all move down a _____ _____ |
|
Definition
| concentration gradient (higher concentration area -> lower concentration area) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of substances that move through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion? __, __, __ |
|
Definition
| fats, oxygen, and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Active transporters are also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Solute pumps move solutes, most importantly ions, ______ the concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to move solutes against the concentration gradients, active processes MUST expend |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two transported substances move in the same direction in a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two transported substances move in the opposite direction in an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sodium-potassium pump is a prime example of a |
|
Definition
| primary active transport system |
|
|
Term
| In the body, the concentration of potassium inside the cell is about ____ times higher than that outside, and the reverse is true for _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sodium-potassium pump acts almost continuously as an _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+-K+ pump is powered by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vesicular transports, fluid containing large particles are transported across the cellular membrane in sacs called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement out of a cell is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exocytosis and endocytosis are powered by |
|
Definition
| vesicular transport processes |
|
|
Term
| Vesicular transport is powered by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's when a cell engulfs a relatively large or solid material such as bacterium or debris. (for example, a splinter) |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages and certain leukocytes (white blood cells) are said to be the "experts of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "fluid-phase endocytosis" or 'cell drinking'. It allows cells to 'sample' the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| The selectively permeability of the cell membrane can result in the generation of membrane potential, which is |
|
Definition
| voltage across the membrane resulting from the separation of positively charged particles |
|
|
Term
| All cells are said to be ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the resting state, membrane potential is said to be between: |
|
Definition
| -60 to -100 millivolts (mV) |
|
|
Term
| The minus sign beside a cell's voltage count represents that |
|
Definition
| the inside of the cell is negative compared to its outside |
|
|
Term
| Cell voltage exists only in the ____ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interior of a cell is said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) do? |
|
Definition
| 1)They act as 'velcro' that cells use to anchor themselves to molecules, 2) they form the 'arms' that cells use to haul themselves past another, 3) they send SOS signals to get the attention of protective white blood cells to help cure infections, 4) they help the cell respond to changes intension or fluid movement, and 5) they help direct migrating cells, proliferation, and specialization of the cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are membrane receptors? |
|
Definition
| A diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites. |
|
|
Term
| What is contact signaling? |
|
Definition
| Where cells come together and touch, thereby recognizing one another. |
|
|
Term
| What is chemical signaling? |
|
Definition
| Recognizing each other through chemical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Ligands consist mainly of |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrines (chemicals that act locally and a rapidly destroyed). |
|
|
Term
| Two important second messengers are: |
|
Definition
| cyclic AMP and ionic calcium |
|
|
Term
| Cyclic AMP and ionic calcium both typically activate what? |
|
Definition
| protein kinase enzymes, which can bring about new cellular activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cellular material between the nucleus and plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| A mitochondria is enclosed in how many membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer membrane of a mitochrondria is _____ and ____, whereas the inner membrane folds inward, forming ______. |
|
Definition
| smooth and featureless, cristae |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria contain their own ____, _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes are the site of _____ synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) is rough because of the presence of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis mainly occurs in the ______ due to the high presence of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth ER does not aid in the production of proteins. Instead, it helps produce _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Golgi apparatus consists of _____ and _____ membraneous sacs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| To modify, concentration, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| Peroxisomes are ____ in shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peroxisomes use molecular oxygen to ____. However, their most important function is to ____ |
|
Definition
| detoxify harmful substances, such as alcohol and formaldehyde. ; neutralize free radicals |
|
|
Term
| How do lysosomes act as a cell's demolition crew? |
|
Definition
| 1) digest ingested bacteria, viruses and toxins, 2) degrade nonfunctional organelles, 3) perform metabolic functions, such as glycogen break-down, 4) breakdown nonuseful tissues such as the webbing between fingers, 5) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| The three types of rods in the cytoskeleton are: |
|
Definition
| microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments are semi-flexible strands of the protein called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most microfilaments are involved in cell _____ |
|
Definition
| motility (movement), aka changing of the cell's shape |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate filaments are the most stable and permanent of the cytoskeletal elements and have high ____ strength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A microtubule organizing center. It generates microtubules and helps organize the mitotic spindle in cell division. |
|
|
Term
| Each centriole consists of a pinwheel array of _____ _____ of microtubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, barrel shaped organelles within the centrosome matrix |
|
|
Term
| Cilia propels _____ across a cell's surface whereas a flagellum propels _____ |
|
Definition
| substances, the cell itself |
|
|
Term
| Which are longer: cilia, or flagella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only flagellated cell in the human body is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centrioles forming the bases of cilia and flagella are commonly called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pattern of microtubules is contained within cilia and flagella? |
|
Definition
| the "9+2" (nine doublets) pattern |
|
|
Term
| The only anucelate cells in the human body are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red blood cells have a life expectancy of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleoli are found within the nucleus, and are where _____ subunits are produced. They are not bound by a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chromatin is composed mostly of |
|
Definition
| 30% DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA |
|
|
Term
| Histones are globular proteins that provide a means for _____ the very long DNA molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochrondria are the site of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis is defined as ____ division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The four main stages of mitosis are ____ |
|
Definition
| PMAT (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase) |
|
|
Term
| DNA is replicated during the ___ phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interphase occurs between ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex cells, unlike body cells, undergo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis typically lasts for about: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokinesis is the division of the ____, and the end product is two ____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA serves as the master blueprint for _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gene is a ____ of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amino acids, or polypeptide chains |
|
|
Term
| The 3 distinct phases of interphase are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In early prophase, _____ condenses to form barlike _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the shortest phase of mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger, Ribosomal, and transfer |
|
|
Term
| The development of specific and distinctive features in a cell is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bodily fluids mainly consist of |
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Cellular secretions are substances that aid in ???? and act as ???? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is the most abundant of extracellular materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The extracellular matrix is particularly abundant in ______ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis is a sort of programmed cell death that fires when: |
|
Definition
| too many cells of a certain kind are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in the size of an organ or body tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 'Caps' on the ends of chromosomes that protect them from unnecessary repair, fraying, and loss of important genetic information. |
|
|
Term
| Each time DNA is replicated, _____ become shorter, and once they reach a minimum length, a _____ signal is thought to be given |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of differentiation/uniqueness in cells, so that they begin to all resemble each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in cell size, shape, or arrangement due to chronic irritation or inflammation |
|
|
