Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

-Pentose sugars

~Deoxyribose - sugar in DNA

~Ribose - sugar in RNA

- hexose sugars

~ Glucose - blood sugar

~Glactose

~ Fructose

- Sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)

-Lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

- Maltose = glucose + glucose

- Cellulose (plant cell wall material, fiber)

-Starch (plant energy storage)

-Glycogen (animal short-term energy storage)

-triglycerides

-phospholipids

- steroids

-function in long-term energy storage

-Components

1 glycerol 3 fatty acids

- Fatty acids ( and triglycerides) may be saturated unsaturated

. Saturated = no double bonds

. Unsaturated = double bonds

. Polysaturated = numerous double bonds

Form the cell membrane and membranous cell structure (nucleus and organelles)

Components

One glycerol,

Two fatty acids,

One phosphate group

Regions

Hydrophilic polar "head"

Hydrophobic nonpolar "tail"

- Cholesterol is found in cell membranes is a precursor in the production of sex hormones

- always has a backbone of four carbon rings with functional groups attached

Hydrophilic head

Choline
phosphate
glycerol

Hydrophobic head

Fatty acid

Together they're known as a "phospholipid bilayer"

 • consist of subunits called amino acids

• most functionally diverse group of organic chemicals

• structural e.g. Collagen, keratin

•Hormones e.g. Insulin

•Antibodies

•Transport - e.g. Hemoglobin

•Contractile- actin, myosin

•Enzymes - lactase

• amino

• Hydrogen

• Carboxyl (acid)

• R-group (variant)

Terminology

•Dipeptide

•Peptide

•Polypeptide

•Protein

• dipeptide - 2 amino acids

• peptide - a few amino acids

• polypeptide - many amino acids

• protein - 1 or more polypeptide that perform a specific function

Primary

•sequence of amino acids

Secondary

•hydrogen bonding between amino acids

Types

•Alpha helix

•beta pleated sheet

 Teriary

• hydrogen bonding and covalent bonding between amino acids produced in 3-D arrangement of the secondary structures

Types

• globular

• fibrous

Quaternary

• two or more phospholipids connect

Deoxribosenucleic acid (DNA)

• hereditary material that stores instructions for the production of proteins and RNA molecules that are responsible for our inherited traits

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

• Molecules that change genetic instructions into physical characteristics (gene expression)

•Phosphate group

•sugar

•nitrogenous base

Nucleaic acid

DNA RNA

proteins

polypeptide

triglycerides

polysaccharide

(cellulose starch)

glycogen

Nucleotides

Amino acids

One glycerol

2 fatty acids

Monosaccharides

glucose