used to assess aspects of boyd structure and function

 ex-Inspection

Palpation

Gently touching body surface with hands

listening to body sounds

Ex-stethoscope

tapping on the body surface with fingertips and echo's

Def- life processes that which distinguishes living things from nonliving things

7

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Conductivity

Contractililty

Growth

Differentiation

Reproduction

sense and respond to changes within and around us

ability to carry effect of stimulus from part of the cell to another

capacity to generate force and change form for movement

increase in size

unspecialzed cells change to specialized cells (ALS research, cancer)

Formtion of new cells for growth, repair or replacement; or production of a new individual

relative constancy of the internal environment notably with respect to its: chemical composition, osmotic pressure, Hydrogen ion concentration, T.

Its regulates the body

constantly disrupted

      1. Physical insults- intense heat or lack of oxygen

      2. changes in the environment- drop of blood sugar

      3. Physiological stress-demands of work/school/family

Can be mild and temporary-balance quickly restored

Can be intense and prolonged- ie. poisoning or severe infection

• Mechanism for maintaining homeostasis-constant monitoring of body conditons
• induces changes in body conditions to maintain it

• Body is monitored and re-monitored
• each monitored variable is termed a controlled condtion

3 basic components

1. receptor

2.control center

3. effector

def- body structure that monitors changes in controlled conditions

function-sends input to the control center

example- nerve endings of the skin in response to T change

Def-sets the range of values to be maintained

Function-evaluation input received from receptors and generates output command

Example-nerve impules, horomones, the brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin T receptors

Def-receives output from the control center, produces response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Example-body T drops, brain sends impulse to skeletal muscles to contract, results in shivering to generate heat

• Found in nearly every organ or tissue

Def-reverses a change that has occurred in a controlled condition

Function/reaction in body-slows then stops when normal state occurs

Example-regulation of BP forced exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels

Example-increase BP->decrese heart rate->increase dilation of blood vessels->normal BP (all regulated by enzymes in the metabolic pathway)

Def-strengthens or reinforces change in one of the bodys controlled condition

Function/Reaction in Body-continues until some event outside the systems shuts it off

Example-normal child birth-continues until baby is delivered

under normal conditions, hearts pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)

In the case pf sever blood loss

• BP drops cells->recieve less O->function less efficently->heart cells become weaker->less blood pumped->BP falls again->even less O is delivered->homeostatic imbalance->can result in death

Cause: disorder or abnormality of structure and function

Example: Illness/Disease with recognizable signs and symptoms

Are objective changes such as fever or swelling (measurable)

Subjective changes such as headache (can detect but not measure)

What can happen when severe imbalance in homeostasis occurs?

Death

Study of:

Occurance of diseases

Transmission in a community

Study of:

Effects and uses of drugs

Treatment of disease

What do you need to distinguish one disorder/disease from another?

Signs and symptoms

Medical history-collecting information about event, present illness and past medical problems

Physical examination-orderly evaluation of the body and its function

same line of body

Ex-right lef and arm

Opposite sides of the body

Ex. left and right leg

Closest to the point of origin

Usually for joints

Furthest from the point of origin

ex. leg to big toe

sagittal plane through the midline

plane dividing into unequal right and left parts

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Crosswise, divides the body into upper and lower

passes through the body at an angle

Composed of:

Thoracic cavity(chest cavity)

• Pleural cavity-lungs
• Pericardial-heart
• Mediastinum-between lungs contains heart, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessel

Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavity-abdominal portion-liver, stomach, gallblader, intestine, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and ureters
• Pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

Cranial cavity-brain

Spinal cavity-spinal cored

Serous membrane-two layers of thin epithelial tissue

•  Parietal layer-lines wall of cavities
•  Visceral layer-covers organs
•  Small space (cavity) filled with lubricating fluid between layers

Pleura membrane-serous membrane of the pleural cavities

• Visceral Pleura clings to surface of lungs
• Parietal Pleura lines the chest wall

Pericardium-series of membranes of the pericardial cavity

• Visceral pericardium covers the heart
• Partial pericardium lines the chest wall

Peritoneum-serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

• Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera
• Partial peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

  two layers of thin epithelial tissue

◦       Small space (cavity) filled with lubricating fluid between layers

◦       Parietal pleura lines the chest wall

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera

partial peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body

• allows for visualization of structures inside the body
• diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders
• Conventional radiography (x-rays) have been used since the 1940's 

• Produce image of interior structures called a radiograph (X-Ray)
• inexpensice and quick
• hollow structures(lungs) appear black and grey
• dense structures(bone, heart) appear white
• at low dose, useful for soft tissue(breast)

High E magnetic field

protons in body fluid align with field

Color Image on video monitor

               2D/3D blueprint

Relatively safe procedure

not used on patients containing metel

used for differentiation normal and abnormal tissues

tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow

Beam of X-Rays trace an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body

Computer creates 3D image

Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography

Tissues in the intestines show varying degrees of grey

Whole body CT-Scan

         Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery disease

High frequency sound waves

Examples 

Sonogram

Noninvasive, painless, no dye, no danger

Pregnancy (3 mo) 

Radioactive substance given intravenously

Gamma rays detected by camera

Radionuclide image displayed on video monitor

Color intensity represents uptake

     Single photo emission computerized tomography               (SPECT)

          Specialized tech used for brain, heart, lungs, liver 

Positron emitting substance injected into body

Colision between positrons and e- in body tissues

Gamma rays produced

Computer constructs a PET scan image in color

Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism)

Lighted instrument with end

image projected onto a monitor

Cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances

96%    C, H, Ni, O

3.6%    Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Fe

.4%   Iodine(thyroid), copper, manganese, fluorine, zinc. Used in enzyme activity

Atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired e- in outermost shell. Highly unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to neaby molecules