Term
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Definition
| The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cells vary in their shape size, and arrangements (See Fig 3.1 & Fig 3.2, page 66), but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function. |
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Term
| I. (A) "COMPOSITE" or typical animal cell contains four major cell parts: See Fig 3.3, page 67. (1-4) |
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Definition
| 1. The CELL (or plasma) MEMBRANE, which is the outer boundary of the cell. 2. The CYTOPLASM, which holds the cellular 3. The CELLULAR ORGANELLES which perform specific functions of the cell. 4. The NUCLEUS, or control center of the cell. |
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Term
| II. THE CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE |
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Definition
| The cell membrane is a thin, dynamic membrane that encloses the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
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Term
| II.(A1) Cell Membrane Structure = Fluid Mosaic Model See Fig 3.6, page 69 & Fig 3.7, page 72. |
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Definition
| composed of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules with many protein molecules dispersed within it; |
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Term
| II.(A1) Cell Membrane Structure = Fluid Mosaic Model (a-c) |
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Definition
| a.The surfaces of the membrane are "hydrophilic" due to the polar phosphate heads; b.The internal portion of the membrane is "hydrophobic" due to the non-polar fatty acid tails; c.The membrane proteins also have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties: There are two types: |
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Term
| II. (A1) (c) The membrane proteins also have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties: There are two types: (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) Integral proteins are firmly inserted into and extend across the lipid bilayer. (ii) Peripheral proteins lie loosely on the inner and outer surface of the cell membrane. |
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Term
| II. (A1) (c ii) Peripheral proteins lie loosely on the inner and outer surface of the cell membrane. -(1) |
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Definition
| 1. They serve as enzymes or cytoskeletal anchors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the jelly-like fluid (70%) that holds the cellular organelles and occupies the space between the nucleus and cell membrane. |
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Term
| IV. CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES: (A) NUCLEUS |
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Definition
| the central core, control center or "brain" of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. the largest organelle of the cell; 2. filled with nucleoplasm; 3. contains three distinct regions: |
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Term
| IV. (Aa) Nuclear Membrane (or nuclear envelope) = |
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Definition
| is a double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm; |
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Term
| IV. (Aa) Nuclear Membrane (or nuclear envelope) (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) At various point, these two membranes fuse = nuclear pore. (ii) The nuclear membrane is "selectively permeable"; pores serve as sites where mRNA can pass out of the nucleus during protein synthesis, and how ribosomes exit the nucleus. |
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Term
| IV. (Ab) Nucleoli (pl); Nucleolus (s) = |
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Definition
| a spherical body within the nucleus; |
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Term
| IV. (Ab) Nucleoli (pl); Nucleolus (s) (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) composed of RNA and proteins; (ii) Function = synthesis of ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely coiled fibers of DNA and histone proteins present in the nucleus; |
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Term
| IV. (Ac) CHROMATIN (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) Nucleosome = fundamental unit of chromatin; spherical clusters of eight histone proteins connected like beads on DNA string. (ii) These fibers of chromatin would be tightly coiled as chromosomes if the cell were preparing to divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. small granules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and on the membranes of some endoplasmic reticulum; 2. composed of RNA and protein; 3. Function = protein synthesis. |
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Term
| IV. (C) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1. network of interconnected parallel membranes (maze), that is continuous with the nuclear membrane; 2. Two types: |
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Term
| IV. (C2) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Two types: (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) |
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Term
| IV. (C2)(a) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) ER studded with ribosomes; (ii) Function = protein synthesis; |
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Term
| IV. (C2)(b) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i) lacks ribosomes; (ii) Function = lipid & cholesterol synthesis. |
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Term
| IV. (D) Golgi Apparatus (Complex): (1-3 |
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Definition
| 1. flattened membranous sacs ("cisternae") arranged in stacks ("stack of pancakes") associated with many vesicles (membrane bound sacs containing proteins); 2. Function = modification, packaging, and transport of proteins; 3. Vesicles pinch off as "secretory vesicles". |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. spherical membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; 2. "suicide sacs" which destroy anything the cell no longer wants or needs. 3. Autolysis is the process by which worn cell parts are digested by autophagy. 4. Tay-Sachs Disease. |
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Term
| IV. (F) Peroxisomes: (1-4) |
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Definition
| 1. membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes; 2. Function = detoxification of harmful or toxic substances (i.e. alcohol, formaldehyde, oxygen free radicals); 3. H2O2 (peroxide) ----> water. 4. Adrenoleukodystrophy. |
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Term
| IV. (G) Mitochondria (pl); Mitochondrion (s): (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. kidney-shaped organelle whose inner membrane is folded into shelf-like partitions called cristae; 2. "Powerhouse" of the cell = site of cellular respiration where energy is released from glucose. 3. MELAS. |
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Term
| IV. (H) Cytoskeletal Elements: (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. protein structures called microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments; 2. form "muscles and bones" of the cell. |
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Term
| IV. (I) Cell Membrane Surface Modifications (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. Cilia (pl)/ Cilium (s): 2. Flagella (pl)/ Flagellum (s): 3. Microvilli: |
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Term
| IV. (I1) 1. Cilia (pl)/ Cilium (s): (a-c) |
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Definition
| a. short, hair-like cellular extensions (eyelashes); b. help move substances through passageways; c. located in lining of respiratory tract & fallopian tube. |
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Term
| IV. (I2) 2. Flagella (pl)/ Flagellum (s): (a-d) |
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Definition
| a. tail-like projection; b. only one per cell in humans; c. aids in cell locomotion; d. sperm cell. |
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Term
| IV. (I3) Microvilli: (1-3) |
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Definition
| a. small finger-like extensions of the external surface of the cell membrane; b. Function = to increase surface area. c. located in the lining of the digestive tract. |
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Term
| IV. (J) Centrosome and Centrioles: (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1. pair of microtubules located near the nucleus; 2. aid in movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |
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Term
| VI. Movements Into and Out of the Cell (i.e. Membrane Transport) |
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Definition
| The passage of a substance through the cell membrane may be passive (requires no energy expenditure) or an active process (requires energy expenditure). |
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Term
| (VI(A1) Passive Transport Processes SIMPLE DIFFUSION (a-d) |
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Definition
| a. Molecules or ions spread spontaneously from regions where they are in. b. higher concentrations toward regions where c. they are in lower concentrations (i.e. down a concentration gradient). d. A state of equilibrium is produced! |
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Term
| (VI(A1) (e) Examples: (i-iv) |
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Definition
| i) sugar cube dissolving in water; ii) a drop a dye diffusing in water; iii) an odor diffusing throughout the air in a room; iv) the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the cell membrane. |
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Term
| (VI(A2) Passive (no energy) Membrane Transport (continued) OSMOSIS: (a-c) |
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Definition
| a) Diffusion of WATER molecules through a SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE (i.e. cell membrane), in an attempt to dilute a particular solute. b) Remember that only water can pass through the membrane, not the solute!!! c) Osmosis is significant when solutions are infused into our blood or tissues. |
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Term
| (VI(A2) (c) Osmosis is significant when solutions are infused into our blood or tissues. (i) |
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Definition
| (i) The solute concentration must be equal to that of our cells and tissues (isotonic = 0.9% NaCl), or our cells will either: |
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Term
| (VI(A2) (c) The solute concentration must be equal to that of our cells and tissues (isotonic = 0.9% NaCl), or our cells will either: (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1. lose water and shrink, or 2. gain water and swell (perhaps burst). |
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Term
| (VI(A2) (d(i) Osmosis is demonstrated nicely with red blood cells (rbc's) being placed in solutions of varying tonicity. Three (3) conditions may exist: (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. Hypertonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Isotonic |
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Term
| (VI(A3) FILTRATION: (a-d) |
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Definition
| a) Water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrostatic pressure of blood (i.e. blood pressure). b) Concentration gradient is high to low; c) Solutes include glucose, gases, ions, hormones, and vitamins; d) Example is blood being filtered through the capillaries (glomerulus) of the kidney. |
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Term
| (VI(A4) FACILITATED DIFFUSION: (a-d) |
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Definition
| a.) a special case of diffusion. b.) Concentration gradient is high to low: c.) Special carrier protein molecules within the cell membrane act as shuttle buses to transport a molecule into/out of a cell; d.) Significant because this is the process by which glucose enters and leaves most human cells. |
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Term
| (VI(B) Active Transport Processes (require energy expenditure) (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.) ACTIVE TRANSPORT: 2.) ENDOCYTOSIS |
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Term
| (VI(B1) (a) Molecules or ions move from an area where they are in low concentration toward an area where they are in higher concentration at the expense of cellular energy (i.e. ATP). (i-iv) |
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Definition
| i) low to high; ii) ATP necessary; iii) substances include many ions, amino acids and monosaccharides. iv) The Na+- K+- ATPase pump (which maintains the Resting Membrane Potential in many cells) is an example. |
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Term
| (VI(B2) ENDOCYTOSIS (b) Examples: (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i) PINOCYTOSIS = cell drinking; the cell brings in liquid droplets which may contain dissolved substances. ii) PHAGOCYTOSIS = cell eating; the cell engulfs and brings in a solid particle. |
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Term
| (VI(B2) b)ii) PHAGOCYTOSIS = cell eating; the cell engulfs and brings in a solid particle. (1-2) |
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Definition
1.) Phagocytes (or macrophages) are very important scavenger white blood cells in humans. 2.) They will bring in foreign particles, toxins, etc.,
that then fuse with a lysosome in their cytoplasm to digest the foreign particles. |
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Term
| (VI(B4) Exocytosis :Significance? (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i) Exocytosis is how cells transport secretory proteins out. Also see Fig 3.12, page 76. ii) Exocytosis allows cells to get rid of something by dumping it to the outside (i.e. into the extracellular fluid). |
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Term
| (VII (A) INTERPHASE = cell growth and DNA replication; (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. not considered part of mitosis. 2. represents the majority of a cell's life and includes: |
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Term
| (VII A2) represents the majority of a cell's life and includes: (a-b) |
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Definition
| a. cell growth and b. duplication of DNA prior to prophase; |
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Term
| (VII A3) Interphase is divided into 3 parts: (a-c) |
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Definition
| a) G1 = rapid growth and replication of centrioles; b) S = growth and DNA replication; and c) G2 = growth and final preps for cell division. |
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Term
| (VII (B) MITOTIC PHASE (M)= |
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Definition
| The mitotic phase (M) is divided into 2 parts that include mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Term
| (VII (B1) The mitotic phase (M) is divided into 2 parts that include mitosis and cytokinesis. (a-b) |
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Definition
| a.) MITOSIS = division of nuclear parts; includes four parts: b.) PROPHASE: |
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Term
| VII B a 1) PROPHASE: (a-c) |
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Definition
| a) Distinct pairs of chromosomes become apparent (tightly coiled DNA and protein). b) Distinct pairs of chromosomes become apparent (tightly coiled DNA and protein) c) The nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear. |
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Term
| VII B 2) METAPHASE: (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i) Chromosomes line up in an orderly fashion midway between the centrioles (i.e. along equatorial plate); ii) Chromosomes line up in an orderly fashion midway between the centrioles (i.e. along equatorial plate); |
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Term
| VII B 3) ANAPHASE: (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i) Centromere holding the chromosome pair together separates; ii) Individual chromosomes migrate in opposite directions on the spindle fibers toward the polar centrioles iii) cytokinesis begins. |
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Term
| VII B 4) TELOPHASE: (i-v) |
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Definition
| i) Chromosomes complete migration toward centrioles; ii) Nuclear envelopes develop around each set of chromosomes; iii) Nucleoli develop; iv) Spindle fibers disappear; v) cleavage furrow nearly complete. |
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Term
| VII B b) CYTOKINESIS = division of cytoplasm, forming 2 daughter cells. (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1. begins during anaphase, when the cell membrane begins to constrict (pinch) around the daughter cells. 2. is completed at the end of telophase when the nuclei and cytoplasm of the two newly formed daughter cells (in interphase) are completely separated by cleavage furrow. |
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Term
| VII C) Significance: (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1. To form a multicelled organism from one original cell. 2. growth of organism 3. tissue repair. |
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Term
| VII D) Length of the Cell Cycle (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1) varies with cell type, location and temperature; 2) Average times are 19-26 hrs; 3) Neurons, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells do not reproduce! |
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Term
| VII E) Control of Cell Division (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1) Maturation promoting factor (MPF) induces cell division when it becomes activated; 2) cdc2 proteins are a group of enzymes that participate in the cell division cycle. 3) Cyclin is a protein whose level rises and falls during the cell cycle; |
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Term
| VII F) Abnormal Cell Division (CANCER): (1-4) |
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Definition
| 1) When cell division occurs with no control (goes awry), a tumor, growth, or neoplasm results. 2) A malignant tumor is a cancerous growth, a non-cancerous tumor is a benign tumor; 3) Oncology is the study of tumors, an oncologist is a physician who treats patients with tumors. 4) oncogenes and tumor repressor genes. |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the CELL MEMBRANE |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins dispersed throughout |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the CELL MEMBRANE |
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Definition
Answer Card: cell boundary;
controls what enters and leaves the cell (Transport) |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the CYTOPLASM |
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Definition
| Answer Card: jelly-like fluid (70% water) |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the CYTOPLASM |
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Definition
| Answer Card: suspends organelles in cell |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the NUCLEUS |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Central control center of cell; bound by lipid bilayer membrane; contains DNA |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the NUCLEUS |
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Definition
| Answer Card: controls all cellular activity by instructing the cell what proteins to make (i.e. enzymes) |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the NUCLEOLUS |
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Definition
| Answer Card: dense spherical body within nucleus; RNA & protein |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the NUCLEOLUS |
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Definition
| Answer Card: synthesis of ribosomes |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the RIBOSOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: RNA & protein; dispersed throughout cytoplasm or studded on ER |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the RIBOSOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: protein synthesis |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the ROUGH ER |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Membranous network studded with ribosomes |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the ROUGH ER |
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Definition
| Answer Card: protein synthesis |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the SMOOTH ER |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Membranous network lacking ribosomes |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the SMOOTH ER |
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Definition
| Answer Card: lipid & cholesterol synthesis |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the GOLGI |
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Definition
| Answer Card: “Stack of Pancakes”; cisternae |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the GOLGI |
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Definition
| Answer Card: modification, transport, and packaging of proteins |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the LYSOSOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Membranous sac of digestive enzymes |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the LYSOSOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: destruction of worn cell parts (“autolysis) and foreign particles |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the PEROXISOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Membranous sacs filled with catalase enzymes (catalase) |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the PEROXISOMES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: detoxification of harmful substances (i.e. ethanol, drugs, etc.) |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the MITOCHONDRIA |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Kidney shaped organelles whose inner membrane is folded into “cristae”. |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the MITOCHONDRIA |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Site of Cellular Respiration; “Powerhouse” |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the CYTOSKELETON |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Protein filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, etc |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the CYTOSKELETON |
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Definition
| Answer Card: Protein filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, etc |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the FLAGELLA |
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Definition
| Answer Card: long, tail-like extension; human = sperm |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the FLAGELLA |
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Definition
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the CILIA |
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Definition
Answer Card: short, eyelash extensions;
human = respiratory tract & fallopian tube |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the CILIA |
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Definition
| Answer Card: to push substances through passageways |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the MICROVILLI |
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Definition
| Answer Card: microscopic ruffling of cell membrane |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the MICROVILLI |
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Definition
| Answer Card: increase surface area |
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Term
| Question Card: Structure of the CENTRIOLES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: paired cylinders of microtubules at right angles near nucleus |
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Term
| Question Card: Function of the CENTRIOLES |
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Definition
| Answer Card: aid in chromosome movement during mitosis |
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