Term
| Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Items (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1)Structure of Matter 2)Chemical Constituents of Cells |
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Term
| 1) Structure of Matter (a-d) |
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Definition
| a)Intro b)Elements and Atoms c) Atomic Structure d)Isotopes |
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Term
| 1) Structure of Matter (e-h) |
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Definition
| e)Molecules and Compounds f)Bonding of Atoms g)Chemical Reactions h)Acids, Bases, and Salts |
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Term
| 2) Chemical Constituents of Cells (a-c) |
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Definition
| a)Introduction b)Inorganic Substances c)Organic Substances |
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Term
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Definition
| i)Chemistry – the study of substances and how they change ii)Interrelated to physiology (less anatomy) |
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Term
| 1) b)Elements and Atoms (i-ii) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (1)anything that has weight and takes up space (2)States of matter (3)Consists of particles organized in specific ways |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)chemical substance with only one type of atom (2)combine to form compounds (3)Amounts needed by the body (4)Atoms of each element are the same and different for different elements |
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Term
| 1b) (ii) (1)chemical substance with only one type of atom (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a)92 naturally occurring (b)116 known |
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Term
| 1b) (ii) (3)Amounts needed by the body (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)bulk elements (b)trace elements (c)ultratrace elements are toxic in large amounts but needed in very small amounts by the body |
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Term
| 1b) (ii) (3a)bulk elements (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i)substances the body requires in large amounts (ii)carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus |
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Term
| 1b) (ii) (3b)trace elements (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i)substances the body requires in small amounts (ii)important parts of enzymes |
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Term
| 1c) Atomic Structure (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i)Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons ii)Atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons |
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Term
| 1c) (ii) Atomic Structure (1-4) |
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Definition
| (1)The nucleus contains protons and neutrons (2)Most of the weight of the atom is protons and neutrons, thus its atomic weight = the number of protons and neutrons (3)The atomic number of an atom is equal to its number of protons (4)Electrons have almost no weight |
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Term
| 1c) (ii) (1)The nucleus contains protons and neutrons (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Protons have + charge (b) Neutronsare 0 charge (c)Thus the nucleus is positively charged |
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Term
| 1c) (ii) (4)Electrons have almost no weight (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a)Electrons have charge of (-1) (b)Since electrons fill the area surrounding the nucleus this surrounding area is negatively charged |
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Term
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Definition
| i)Have the same atomic number but different atomic weight due to different # of neutrons ii)Behave like other atoms of the same element chemically iii)Because a sample includes more than one isotope, the atomic weight is usually the average of the atomic weights of the isotopes present iv)Stability may be either |
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Term
| 1d) (iv) Stability may be either (1-2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (a)Atomic nuclei decompose, releasing energy or pieces (b)Radioactive (c)Atomic radiation (3 types) (d)Elements with radioactive isotopes – oxygen, iodine, iron, phosphorus, cobalt (e)Used to detect and treat disease |
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Term
| 1d) (2c)Atomic radiation (3 types) (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Alpha (ii)Beta (iii)Gamma |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.two protons and two neutrons 2.these move slowly and cannot easily penetrate matter |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.consists of electrons 2.move much faster than alpha radiation 3.more deeply penetrates matter |
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Term
| 1d) (2c) (iii)Gamma (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.form of energy similar to X-radiation 2.most penetrating form of energy |
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Term
| 1e) Molecules and Compounds (i-iv) |
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Definition
| i)Molecule – two or more atoms combined ii)Molecular formula iii)Combination iv)Molecules always contain definite atoms in definite numbers |
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Term
| 1e) (iii)Combination (1-2) |
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Definition
| (1)Atoms of the same element join to form a molecule of that element (2)Atoms of different elements join to form a compound |
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Term
| 1f) Bonding of Atoms (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i)Bonds – links of atoms ii)Electron shells – regions of space around the nucleus of an atom characteristic of the energy level of the electron iii)Atoms react in a way such that the outermost shell is full |
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Term
| 1f) (ii)Electron shells – regions of space around the nucleus of an atom characteristic of the energy level of the electron (1-5) |
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Definition
| (1)Can hold up to a max amount of electrons (2)Shell 1 – 2 electrons (3)Shell 2 – 8 electrons (4)Shell 3 – 8 electrons (5)Lower shells must be filled first |
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Term
| 1f) (iii)Atoms react in a way such that the outermost shell is full (1-4) |
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Definition
| (1)(octet rule) (2)filled atoms are inert (3)learn the first 12 atom structures [note: these were shown in lecture] (4)Describe how an ion forms (use Na+ as example) |
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Term
| 1f) (4)Describe how an ion forms (use Na+ as example) (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Ionic Bonds (b)Covalent Bond (c)Hydrogen Bond |
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Term
| 1f) (4a)Ionic Bonds (i-iv) |
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Definition
| (i)Positive – Cations (ii)Negative – Anions (iii)Ions with opposite charges attract, forming ionic bonds (example NaCl) (iv)Ionic bonds don’t form specific particles, but instead 3 dimensional structures called arrays |
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Term
| 1f) (4a)Ionic Bonds (v-viii) |
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Definition
| (v)Formula gives relative amounts of each element (vi)< 4 lose electrons to react (vii)> 4 gain electrons to react (viii)= 4 gain or lose to react |
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Term
| 1f) (4b)Covalent Bond (i-v) |
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Definition
| (i)Two atoms combine to share electrons (ii)The electrons on the outermost shells are shared by both atoms (iii)Hydrogen – 1 bond, Oxygen – 2, Nitrogen – 3, Carbon – 4 (iv)Structual formulas (v)Covalent bonds that don’t share electrons equally forms a polar |
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Term
| 1f) (4b) (iv)Structural formulas (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.Diagram the bonding ability of atoms 2.don’t capture 3D aspect |
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Term
| 1f) (4b) (v)Covalent bonds that don’t share electrons equally forms a polar molecule (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1)Example is H with O or N 2)= protons and electrons; one end slightly (-) with more electrons, one end slightly (+) due to more protons |
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Term
| 1f) (4c)Hydrogen Bond (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Attraction of the positive end of one polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule (ii)Example – Water molecules with each other to form ice (iii)Important in proteins and nucleic acid structure – hydrogen bonds form between polar regions of a single very large molecule |
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Term
| 1g) Chemical Reactions (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i)Reactants and Products ii)Synthesis – two or more reactants bond to form a more complex structure iii)Decomposition – bonds of the reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions |
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Term
| 1g) Chemical Reactions (iv-vi) |
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Definition
| iv) Exchange- parts of two different molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed; Acid + Base Water + Salt v)Reversible vi)Catalysts (p59) – molecules that influence the rates (not the direction) of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process |
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Term
| 1g) (i)Reactants and Products (1-2) |
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Definition
| (1)Reactants are the starting materials, changed by the chemical reaction (2)Products are the atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the reaction’s conclusion |
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Term
| 1g) (ii)Synthesis – two or more reactants bond to form a more complex structure (1-2) |
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Definition
| (1)Growth of body parts (2)Repair of tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)product or prodcust can change back to the reactant or reactants (2)direction of chemical reaction depends on relative proportions of reactant(s) and product(s) and energy available |
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Term
| 1h) (i) Ionically Bonded substances dissociate in water (1-5) |
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Definition
| (1)Substances that are ionically bound are placed in water, and the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecule (2)The ions tend to leave each other (disassociate) (3)This is what happens in the internal environment (4)NaClNa(+) + Cl (-) represents an example (5)Electrolytes |
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Term
| 1h) (i5)Electrolytes (a-e) |
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Definition
| (a)The resulting solution conducts electricity since it has electrically charged particles (b)Acids (c)Bases (d)Salts (e)See Table 2.4 p59 “3 Types of Electrolytes” |
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Term
| 1h) (i5) (b)Acids (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions “H (+)” in water (ii)Example: HClH(+) + Cl(-) (iii)Carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| (i)Electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions (ii)Example: NaOHNa(+) + OH(-), the OH(-) combines with hydrogen to form water (iii)React with acids to form water and electrolytes called “salts” (iv)Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
| 1h) (i5) (d)Salts (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Electrolyte that is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base (ii)Example: HCl + NaOHH(sub2)O + NaCl (iii)Sodium chloride, aluminum chloride, magnesium sulfate |
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Term
| 1i) Acid and Base Concentrations (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i)Acid and Base Concentration is responsible for a wide variety of body processes ii)Hydrogen ion concentration is written in a shorthand called pH iii)Body pH (p60) |
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Term
| 1i) (ii)Hydrogen ion concentration is written in a shorthand called pH (1-5) |
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Definition
| (1)Each number represents a tenfold increase / decrease (2)0.1 g / L = ph of 1.0, 0.01 g / L = ph of 2.0, and so on (3)pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 (4)as Hydrogen ion concentration increases, pH value decreases (5)Water |
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Term
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Definition
| (a)Neutral since it release the same number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions (b)water has a pH of 7.0 (0.0000001 g / L of Hydrogen ions) |
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Term
| 1i) (iii)Body pH (p60) (1-3) |
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Definition
| (1)A good estimate of the concentration of bases in the body is the hydrogen pH (2)The body tries to always maintain a balance between total Hydrogen ions and total Hydroxide ions (3)Acidic – solutions with more Hydrogen than Hydroxide |
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Term
| 1i) (iii)Body pH (p60) (4-6) |
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Definition
| (4)Basic – solutions with less Hydrogen than Hydroxide (5)Range of function and pH in the body (6)See Figure 2.10 p60 on representative pH scale |
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Term
| 2) Chemical Constituents of Cells (a-c) |
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Definition
| a)Introduction b)Inorganic Substances c)Organic Substances |
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Term
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Definition
| i)Organic compounds have carbon and hydrogen ii)General types of chemicals |
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Term
| 2a) (ii) General types of chemicals (1-4) |
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Definition
| (1)Organic (2)Inorganic (3)Inorganic usually dissociate in water (inorganic liquid) , release ions, thus called electrolytes (p61) (4)Organic |
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Term
| 2a) (ii) (4)Organic (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Usually dissociate in organic liquids (b)If dissociate in water, usually don’t yield ions, thus called nonelectrolytes (c)Long chains or ring structures (Carbons four bonding ability) |
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Term
| 2b) Inorganic Substances (i-iv) |
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Definition
| i)Water ii)Oxygen iii)Carbon Dioxide iv)Inorganic Salts |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Most abundant in the body (2)2/3 of body by weight (3)major component of intracellular and extracellular fluids (4)most reactions take place in water (why – see p61, paragraph 4) (5)vital role in transport |
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Term
| 2b) (i5)vital role in transport (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)ossy (b)wastes (c)transport heat |
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Term
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Definition
| (i)mnemonic– “Ossie Vates” the Russian form of (ii)oxygen, sugars, salts, vitamins |
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Term
| 2b) (i5) (b)wastes (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)mnemonic – C U later (ii)carbon dioxide, urea (iii)describe process of waste removal (p61) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Used for energy in metabolism (2)Oxygen used in cell organelles (3)Describe process of receiving oxygen |
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Term
| 2b) (iii)Carbon Dioxide (1-3) |
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Definition
| (1)Waste product produced as energy is released during metabolism (2)Formula CO(sub2) (3)Describe process of carbon dioxide leaving the body |
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Term
| 2b) (iv)Inorganic Salts (1-3) |
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Definition
| (1)List of body’s inorganic salts (2)Functions of inorganic salts (3)electrolytes are constantly going in and out, but must be kept in certain concentrations (electrolyte balance) |
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Term
| 2b) (iv) (1)List of body’s inorganic salts (a-d) |
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Definition
| (a)Sodium, Na+ (b)Chloride, Cl (-) (c)Potassium, K+ (d)Calcium, Ca 2+ |
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Term
| 2b) (iv) (1)List of body’s inorganic salts (e-h) |
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Definition
| (e)Magnesium, Mg 2+ (f)Carbonate, CO(sub 3) (-2) (g)Bicarbonate, HCO(sub3) (-) (h)Sulfate, SO(sub4) (-2) |
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Term
| 2b) (iv) (2)Functions of inorganic salts (a-d) |
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Definition
| (a)Important in metabolism (b)help to maintain proper water concentrations (c)pH (d)blood clotting |
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Term
| 2b) (iv) (2)Functions of inorganic salts (e-g) |
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Definition
| (e)bone development (f)energy transfer within cells (g)muscle and nerve functions |
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Term
| 2c) Organic Substances (i-iv) |
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Definition
| i)Carbohydrates ii)Lipids iii)Proteins iv)Nucleic Acids (p68) |
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Term
| 2c) (i)Carbohydrates (1-4) |
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Definition
| (1)Uses of carbs (2)Water soluble (3)Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (H:O, 2:1 ratio) (4)Classified by size (p62) |
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Term
| 2c) (i1)Uses of carbs (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Energy (see professors notes on Kcal / g) (b)Supply materials (c)Reserve energy |
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Term
| 2c) (i4)Classified by size (p62) (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Monosaccharides (b)Dissacharides (c)Polysaccharides |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (a)Monosaccharides (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)3 to 7 carbon atoms (ii)5 Carbon – Ribose, Deoxyribose (iii)6 Carbon – glucose, dextrose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (b)Dissacharides (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i)Two 6 carbon units (ii)Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk) |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (c)Polysaccharides (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Built of simple carbohydrates (ii)Plant (iii)Animal – Glycogen |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (cii) Plant (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.Cellulose 2.Plant Starch |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (cii) 1.Cellulose (a-b) |
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Definition
| a.made of many glucose molecules b.indigestible to humans |
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Term
| 2c) (i4) (cii) 2.Plant Starch (a-c) |
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Definition
| a.polysaccharide b.branched chains of glucose (different from cellulose) c.easily digested by humans |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (lipophilic) (2)Types of Lipids (3)Construction of Lipid Types |
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Term
| 2c) (ii1)Group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (lipophilic) (a-b) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2c) (ii2)Types of Lipids (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Fats (b)Phospholipids (c)Steroids |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3)Construction of Lipid Types (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a)Construction of Fats (b)Characteristics of Lipids |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3) (ai)Fatty acids (1-4) |
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Definition
| 1.Chains of Carbon and Hydrogen 2.Ratio of Carbon to Hydrogen much lower than carbs 3.End in Carboxyl Group (--COOH) 4.triglyceride |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3) (i4) triglyceride (a-b) |
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Definition
| a.3 fatty acids b.glycerol at the end ties them together (p64, Fig 2.4) |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3) (aii)Construction of Phospholipid (p64) see Fig 2.15 p65 (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1.glycerol 2.2 fatty acids (homophilic – “water loving” – water soluble 3.phosphate group (homophobic – “water fear” – insoluble in water |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 a)Construction of Lipid Types (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Fatty acids (ii)Construction of Phospholipid (p64) see Fig 2.15 p65 (iii)Construction of Steroid - Connected rings of carbon (see Fig 2.16 p65) |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 a)Construction of Lipid Types (iv-vi) |
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Definition
| (iv)Draw a Carboxyl Group (v)Draw a Triglyceride (vi)Draw a Phospate |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b)Characteristics of Lipids (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Characteristics of Fats (tryglycerides) (ii)Characteristics of Phospholipids (iii)Characteristics of Steroids |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(i)Characteristics of Fats (tryglycerides) (1-4) |
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Definition
| 1.more energy per gram than carbs 2.most common lipid in the body 3.stored in fat tissue as an energy supply 4.fat tissue also provides insulation beneath the skin |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(i)Characteristics of Fats (tryglycerides) (5-8) |
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Definition
| 5.Saturated fatty acids have no double bonded carbon atoms (p63) 6.Unsaturated have double bonded carbon atoms (C not saturated with hydrogen in all its places) 7.monounsaturated – one C atom has a double bond 8.polyunsaturated—more than one C atom has a double bond |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(ii)Characteristics of Phospholipids (1-3) |
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Definition
| 1.used as structural components in cell membranes 2.large amounts are in the liver and parts of the nervous system 3.example: cephalin – a phospholipid in blood |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(iii) Characteristics of Steroids (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.widely distributed in the body with a variety of functions 2.Examples |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(iii) 2.Examples (a-c) |
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Definition
| a.Cholesterol b.Sex Hormones c.Adrenal Hormones |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(iii) 2a.Cholesterol (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i.Found in all body cells ii.Used to synthesize other steroids |
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Term
| 2c) (ii3 b(iii) 2b.Sex Hormones (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i.Estrogen ii.Progesterone iii.Testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Functions (Mnemonic Grouped) (p64) (2)Structure (p65) (3)Protein Denature |
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Term
| 2c) (iii1)Functions (Mnemonic Grouped) (p64) (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Structure, Receptors, Antibodies (b)Energy, Metabolism, Muscle Contraction (c)Chemical Messengers, Transport, Catalysts |
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Term
| 2c) (iii2)Structure (p65) (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a)Building block of proteins are amino acids (b)Levels of Structure (p66) |
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Term
| 2c) (iii2) (a)Building block of proteins are amino acids (i-iv) |
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Definition
| (i)20 amino acids (iiC, H, O, N, ~S (sometimes sulfur) (iii)Amino group – C – Carboxyl group (iv)C bonded also to H, and R group (side chain) (v)Draw a Amino Group (vi)Draw an R Group (differentiates the amino acid) |
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Term
| 2c) (iii2) (b)Levels of Structure (p66) (i-v) |
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Definition
| (i)Conformations (ii)Primary Structure of Proteins (iii)Secondary Structure of Proteins (incl motifs) (iv)Tertiary Structure of Proteins (v)Quaternary Structure of Proteins - two or more tertiary joined |
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Term
| 2c) (iii3)Protein Denature (a-b) |
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Definition
| (a)Secondary and tertiary conformations fall apart (b)Protein Denature due to |
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Term
| 2c) (iii3) (b)Protein Denature due to (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Heat (ii)PH changes (iii)Certain chemicals (like urea) |
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Term
| 2c) (iii3) (b)iv)Protein Denature due to (1-2) |
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Definition
| 1.egg white cooking of albumen 2.hair perm |
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Term
| 2c) (iv)Nucleic Acids (p68) (1-2) |
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Definition
| (1)Carry the instructions that control a cdll’s activities by encoding the amino acid sequences of proteins in its building blocks (2)Nucleotides |
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Term
| 2c) (iv2)Nucleotides (a-c) |
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Definition
| (a)Structure of Nucleotides (b)Two types (c)DNA upcoming chapters |
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Term
| 2c) (iv2) (a)Structure of Nucleotides (i-iv) |
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Definition
| (i)C, H, O, N, P, (ii)5-carbon sugar (iii)phosphate group (iv)nitrogenous base |
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Term
| 2c) (iv2) (aii)5-carbon sugar (1-2) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2c) (iv2) (b)Two types (i-ii) |
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Definition
| (i)DNA – store information for protein synthesis (ii)RNA – use information from DNA to construct specific protein molecules |
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Term
| 2c) (iv2) (c)DNA upcoming chapters (i-iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Storage of information in nucleic acid molecules (ii)Use of the information to manufactuer protein molecules (iii)How these proteins control metabolic reactions |
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