Term
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Definition
| A contractile protien of think myofilaments (muscle) |
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Definition
| One of the thick principal contractile protiens found in muscle |
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Definition
| A rod shaped protein found on actin that helps to stiffen it and is used during muscle contraction |
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Definition
| A second protein found on actin composed of three polypeptides and used in contraction |
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Definition
| A sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle. |
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Definition
| Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle |
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Definition
| Thin connective tissue investing each musle cell |
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Definition
| Cords of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
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Definition
| A flat, broad fibrous sheet of tissue connecting a muscle to bone or cartilage |
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Definition
| The region of a myofibril between two successibe Z-lines; smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell |
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Term
| What are some charactertistics of a muscle? |
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Definition
Muscle cells are elongated.
All muscles share some information.
Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Characteristics of skeletal muscle 5 |
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Definition
attached by tendons to bones
cells are multinucleate
striated (have visible bands)
voluntary
cylindrical |
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Term
| what two muscles are uninucleate |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of cardiac muscle 7 |
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Definition
walls of the heart
uninucleate
involuntary
striated
intercalated discs
branching
figure 8 |
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Term
| characteristics of smooth muscle 6 |
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Definition
walls of hollow organs
single
uninucleate
no striations
involuntary
spindle shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue used to cover and seperate muscles. |
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Term
| What are the sequence of the fascia? |
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Definition
Endomysium
Perimysium
epimysium
fascia(outside of the epimysium) |
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Term
| List the 4 functions of muscle tissue |
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Definition
produce movement
maintain posture
stablilize joints
generate heat |
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Term
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Definition
all movements result from muscle contraction
all skeletal muscles are responsible for all locomotion,
they enable us to respond quickly to changes in the environment
smooth muscles force fluids out of our body |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscles help us maintain an erect or seated posture despite gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| as the skeletal muscles pull on bones to create movements, they also stablize the joints of the skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| cause is by-product of muscle activity. nearly 3/4 of atp escapes as heat |
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Term
| List 7 criteria in naming muscles |
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Definition
Direction of the muscle fibers.
relative size of the muscle.
location of themuscle.
number of origins.
shape of the muscle.
location of the muscle's orgin and insertion.
action of the muscle |
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Term
Direction of the muscle fibers.
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Definition
| named in reference to the midline of the body or long axs of a limb bone for example, rectus/oblique/transverse |
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Term
relative size of the muscle
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Definition
| the size of the muscle. ex. maximus (largest) minimus (smallest) and longus (long) |
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Term
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Definition
| named for the bone with which they are associated with. ex. the temporalis and frontalis muscles overlie the temporal and frontal bones of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
ex. biceps/triceps
one can assume the muscle has three or two origins. |
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Term
location of the muscle's orgin and insertion.
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Definition
| muscles are named for their attachment sites, for ex, the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| some muscles have a distinctive shape that helps to identify them. for ex. deltoid muscle (triangular) |
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Term
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Definition
| terms such as flexor, extensor, and adductor appear in their names. |
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Term
| What causes the regular striations in muscle tissue? |
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Definition
Myofibrils (bundles of myofilaments) are aligned to give distinct bands. I band (light) A band = dark band |
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Term
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Definition
help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements.
ex. you can make a fist w/o bending you wrist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates |
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Term
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Definition
| Myosin heads link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| When a muscle is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated w/o rest, the uscle begins to tire. muscle tension drops to zero |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized synergists. They hold a bone still or stablize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone. es. the postural muscles that stablize the vertebral column are fixators. |
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Term
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Definition
| The muscle that has the major responsibility for cauing a particular movement |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that oppose the prime mover. when a prime mover is active, its antagonist is strecthed and relaxed. ex. biceps of the arm (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonzied by the triceps (a prime mover of elbow extension). |
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Term
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Definition
- A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor.
- A muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly.
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to the movable bone, and when the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the immovable or less movable bone. |
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Term
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Definition
(semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius,
soleus) flex knee and extend hip
origin:ischial tuberosity
insertion: proximal tibia |
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Term
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Definition
origin: mandible and maxilla
insertion: skin and muscle around mouth
action: closes and protrudes lips |
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Term
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Definition
origin: scapular spine and clavicle
insertion: humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
abducts humerus |
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Term
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Definition
origin: ilum and lumbar vertebrae.
insertion: femur
flexes hip |
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Term
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Definition
origin: pelvis
insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
extend knee and flexes hip on thigh |
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Term
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Definition
origin:shoulder girdle and proximal humerus
insertion: olecranon process of ulna
extends elbow |
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Term
| steps in muscle contraction |
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Definition
1) Neuron action potential arrives at end of motor neuron
2) ACH is released 3) ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate 4) Permeability of sarcolemma changes (Na rushes in)(an action potential is produced) 5) Muscle action potential sweeps into the T tubules triggering 6) release of Ca from the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum 7) CA binds to troponin 8) Troponin changes shape and shifts tropomyosin to expose binding sites of actin 9) myosin binds to actin (cross bridge is formend)(ADP released from myosin) 10) Myosin head pivots (pulling actin) 11) Myosin releases from actin (cross bridge is broken)(another ATP binds to myosin) 12) Myosin re-extends into "ready" position (ATP->ADP+Pi)(ADP is bound to myosin) [image]
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Term
| events in muscle relaxation |
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Definition
Stimulation from CNS
·Ca sequestered in SR
·Tropomyosin shifts to cover binding side
·Cross-bridge broken
·No force production |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the mitochondria and uses oxygen. glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water. fairly slow. 36 atp per 1 glucose |
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Term
| three ways muscle cells replenish their atp supplies |
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Definition
aerobic respiration
anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate |
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Term
| anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation |
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Definition
| occurs via a pathway called glycosis that does not use oxygen |
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Term
| direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate |
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Definition
| only found in muscle fibers. as ATP is being depleted, interactions between CP and ADP result in transfers of high-energy phosphate group from CP to ADP, thus regenerating more ATP in a fraction of a second. |
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