Term
|
Definition
| skin, hair, sweat glands, nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects against environmental hazards.
Helpds regulate body temp
Provides sensory info. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides supprt and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other mineral
Forms blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skeletal muscles and associate tendons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
endocrine tissues in other systems |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine System Functions |
|
Definition
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular System Organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular System Functions |
|
Definition
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph Nodes
Tonsils |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic System Functions |
|
Definition
Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory System Organs |
|
Definition
Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory System Functions |
|
Definition
Delivers air to alveoli
(site where gas exchange occurs in lungs)
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Digestive System Function |
|
Definition
Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excretes wastes from blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH |
|
|
Term
| Male Reproductive System Organs |
|
Definition
Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferentia
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Penis
Scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Male Reproductive System Function |
|
Definition
| Produces male sex cells (sperm) suspending fluids, and hormones |
|
|
Term
| Female Reproductive System Organs |
|
Definition
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary Glands |
|
|
Term
| Female Reproductive System Functions |
|
Definition
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
Provides milk to nourish newborn baby |
|
|
Term
| The 6 Organization Levels |
|
Definition
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical Level- smallest stable units of matter combine to form molecules with complex shapes.
Cells are grouped together to form tissues
Tissues are grouped together to form organs
Organs work together with Organ Systems
Organ Systems are included in the total organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simplified Human Body Image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total volume of fluid enclosed within the outer epithelial layer |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
Fluid located inside the cells.
2/3 of TBW
Potassium higher |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
aka Internal Environment
fluid located outside the cells.
1/3 of TBW
20% of ECF is found in the blood
Sodium higher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the liquid, noncellular part of the blood.
Rich in protein
20% of ECF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Portion that the present outside the blood and that bathes most of the cells in the body.
80% of ECF.
Maintains comfortable environment for cells.
Outside the body for the digestion and respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| send electrical signals are the body via the spinal cord and nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They contract and allow body to move.
Found in heart to move blood around (cardiac muscle)
allow sitting, walking (skeletal muscle)
lining of GI tract, moving stuff along (smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Continuous sheet like layers of cells, form layers under skin.
Barrier, protective, absorption and secretion.
Line digestive tract.
Allow air passage into lungs but not diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Includes blood cells.
Provide support for other structures.
Padding under the skin.
Ex adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a collection of cells that form same functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sensor that receives information and measure the level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integration center that processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands to effectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintainance of stable internal environment.
Needs a sensor to detect change.
Integration center to interpret information and generate a response.
An effector to produce the compensatory response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require muscle activity, behavioral changes of chemical messengers such as hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Components/Variables regulated by Homeostasis: |
|
Definition
body temp,
water levels,
blood pressure,
glucose,
electrolytes,
heart rate,
breathing rate,
blood oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mare variable in the direction opposite to the orginal change |
|
|
Term
| Negative Feedback Loop Image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated by endocrine system (hormone insulin). Beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin |
|
|
Term
| Nervous system also able to do _____ ______ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor to the brain/control center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
juvenile
no longer produce insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more common
produce insulin, but target cells unable to recognize the insulin .
People that are older, overweight, smokers, etc have high risk of getting this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in the same column have similar properties.
Differ in the number of protons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same protons but differ in the number of neutrons. Weight will be the main difference. |
|
|
Term
| Atomic Structure Affects...... |
|
Definition
interaction between atoms by how many electrons are in the outer shell.
All elements in the 7th column are very highly reactive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state at room temperature, boiling point, color, density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way elements interact with other elements (reactivity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
negatively charged (-1)
Mass: 00055 amu.
Located within the orbitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutral charged (0)
Mass: 1 amu.
Located in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
positively charged (+1)
Mass: 1 amu.
Located in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maximum number of electrons in the shells: 2 8 18
2e- 8 e- 18e- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| charged atoms that have either lost or gained electrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical bond created by the attraction between cation and anion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negatively charged (gain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positively charged (lose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
electrons are unequally shared
Oxygen has a delta – charge
Hydrogen has a delta + charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two slightly charged ion attracted to each other.
Found in DNA and secondary structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hydrogen or carbon
C & H containing molecules
Carbon forms 4 hydrogen bonds
Carbon bonds with itself, N, O, H, and S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules synthesized by living organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polar Molecule
Oxygen has a delta – charge
hydrogen has a delta + charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposite charges attract.
Can dissolve in H2O |
|
|
Term
| Water molecules are connected by _________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weak but strong in many numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solvent for ionic and polar solutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture consisting of a solute that is dissolved in another substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
afraid of the water.
Fatty Acids (Lipids).
Example is Oil (has long chains)
Non-polar* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attracted to the water molecules .
They form a protective barrier to keep the hydrophobic from being near the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polar
Contains special O --- H group, by polar bond. |
|
|
Term
| _______ the Molarity the ________ the concentration* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occupies a definite volume but conforms to the shape of its container |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| definite shape and volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conforms to the shape and volume of its container |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from 6-1
From milk to hydrochloric acid.
Most acidic is 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8-14
From bleach to oven cleaner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
way of representing concentration.
7 is neutral (water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbon and water-containing (hydrated) Hydroxyl groups.
Includes 3:
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Ex. Glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple sugars
Smallest molecules that is a carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed from 2 Monosaccharides.
Ex. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from many repeating Monosaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose storage molecule,
found in liver and skeletal system.
With glycogen in the liver is able to have good blood glucose levels.
Glycogen is a repeating glucose monomer to create the whole molecule.
Glucose needed to synthesize ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly C & H.
Held together by neutral covalent bonds (non polar)
Containing long carbon chains
Including: Fatty Acid, Triglycerides, Phospholipds,
Eicosanoids, Steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long carbon hydrogen chain (14-16 long).
Makes up saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Single carbon bond.
Solid at room temp.
Ex. Lard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double carbon bond.
Liquid at room temp.
Ex. Oil |
|
|
Term
| _____ ____ are liquid at room temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form fatty tissues that are stored in the body
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Cannot dissolve in water
Amphipathic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amphipathic
Have phosphorus containing head which is charged and attracted to water
Backbone for all membranes in the body
Form spheres when together thus protecting hydrophobic tails. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modified fatty acid
Important for intercellular communication
Ex. Prostalandins
Lipid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipid
4 ring like structure
C --- H
Ex. Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Critical for every physiological process
C, H, O, N- predominant atoms
Subunits are called amino acids
Amino Acids bond to one another to form polymers
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Ex. Myacin, Actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many items linked together
Ex. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are either the same as each other or similar to each other |
|
|
Term
| Molecular Structure of an Amino Acid |
|
Definition
All consist of central carbon
All have carboxyl group (-COOH)
All have amino group (-NH2)
Includes: Nonpolar, Polar, Acidic, Basic
R group is the group that varies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonpolar Amino Acid- Alanine
Polar Amino Acid- Tyrosine
Acidic Amino Acid- Glutmate
Basic Amino Acid- Lysine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defines the characteristics of amino acid group.
Either polar or nonpolar
Affects behavior of the amino acid group
Determines how the protein functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear chain of amino acids
structure determines function
Structure different in all proteins |
|
|
Term
| Amino Acids are held together by ________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydrogen bonding along bonding often produces this arrangement.
Hydrogen bonds are formed between adjacent amino acid bonds.
These hydrogen bonds are between –NH2 and –COOH
Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheets are in secondary structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
folds to form final 3D shape via interactions between the R groups.
For many this is the final stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not all protein go to this structure
Ex. Hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of DNA & RNA (polymers), Building Blocks, & ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers that make up the nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Base ( what makes it unique) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deoxyribonucleic Acid.
A – T
C – G
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Two strands of nucleotides bind together to form a DNA molecule
DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds
2 strand coiled to form a double helix
Sugar and phosphate backbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is held together by _________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Law of Complimentary Base Pair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleotides are ________ for DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a gene code for? |
|
Definition
| Protein (sequence of Amino Acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribonucleic Acid
Single stranded
A – U
C – G
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 carbon sugar, base, and phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high energy storage molecules
Generated by cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
99% of the body
Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium, mag, calcium, potassium, iron |
|
|
Term
| K+ _____ ICF inside and ECF _____ outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ _____ inside and _____ outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca 2+ ____ inside ____ outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cl- _____ inside and _____ outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose is ____ inside and ____ outside |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein is _____ inside and _____ outside. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains chromatin and nucleolus
Transcription DNA → RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location of DNA (genes)
provides genetic regulation of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layer of membrane, outer boundary of nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows materials to move between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows materials to go from the exterior of the cell to inside the cytoplasm and vice versa
Selective permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis and packaging of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Packaging of carbs/lipids
Drug detox
Calcium Storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of protein synthesis,
10 million in cell,
free floating or on Rough ER,
made up of rRNA and protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce symptoms of microtubules like cytoskeleton and spindle apparatus
Make pole for chromosome to pull on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane bound organelle
final assembly of complex materials
Packaging of materials for secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Be secreted from cell
Incorporated into plasma membrane
Become lysosomes
Transported to other organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
export materials via exocytosis
Fuse to membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intraceullary digestion of large organic molecules into their simpler components, very acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detoxify metabolic toxin like alcohols and hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of aerobic steps of cellular respiration
Break down glucose to ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many metabolic reactions and maintains spatial relationships in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filament made up of actin
Cytoskeleton filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein subunit
Cell movement
Structure and Support
Found Throughout the Cell
Phagocytosis
Move things by microfilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eat other cells by phagocytosis (apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in spindle fibers for chromosome movement
Movement of vesicles on a road |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tight junctions
Found in epithelial tissue
Desmosomes (heart, uterus, skin)
Gap Junctions (hearts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in the small intestine
Allow cells to come together
Sealing the gap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in the heart
Heart cells attached together by these
Resistant to mechanical stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provide gap between two adjacent cells
Tiny holes that make passage between 2 cells connecting the cytosol
Allows group of heart cells to contract at the SAME TIME (unified)
Ions can trigger cell contraction through the gap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Model for membrane structure.
All components of phospholipid bilayer and
Glycoprotein, glycolipids, cholesterol, lipids |
|
|
Term
Proteins can move around with fluid like movement
This is allowed by __________ (fluidity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbs extends outside the cell, Both glycoprotein and glycolipids great an ID for the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective layer for cell |
|
|
Term
| Proteins in the cell membrane |
|
Definition
| various functions, channel, communication, etc. |
|
|
