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| Produced by the thyroid gland - the single most important hormone influencing the rate of cellular metabolism and body heat production |
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Definition
Acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of the body's cells
Employs hormones |
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| Chemical messengers which are produced by epithelial cells and released into the blood to be transported throughout the body |
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| Organs that respond to a particular hormone |
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consists of 2 lobes - the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum |
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"Master endocrine gland," controlled by releasing or inhibiting hormones from the ventral hypothalamus
Secretes 4 tropic hormones
-Gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-thryoid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)
Other important hormones (not directly involved the regulation of other endocrine glands)
-growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin |
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Term
| Hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| Consists of the primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, and secondary capillary plexus, leading releasing or inhibiting hormones from the ventral hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary lobe |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone |
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Definition
Gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
Regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the ovaries and testes |
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
Secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
Regulates the endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
Secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
A general metabolic hormone that helps determine body size - growth of muscle and long bones
Hyposecretion --> pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion --> gigantism and acromegaly |
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Definition
Secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe
Stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth |
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| Does not synthesize the hormones it releases, but acts as a storage area for oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to it via neural axons |
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Produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary lobe
Stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and milk ejection in the lactating mother |
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Produced by the hypothalamus and stored by the posterior pituitary lobe
Causes distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, reducing urine output and conserving water
Hyposecretion --> diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion --> edema, headache, disorientation |
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Definition
Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
Produces melatonin
Plays a role in the biological rhythms of the body |
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Definition
Secreted by the pineal gland
Exhibits a diurnal cycle - peaks at night, making us drowsy, and is lowest around noon
Appears to exert some inhibitory effect on the reproductive system that prevents precocious sexual maturation |
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Definition
composed of two lobes joined by a central mass, located in the throat, just below the larynx
Secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
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Definition
Secreted by the thyroid gland
Composed of thyroxine and triodothyronine
Control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
Hyposecretion --> myxedema (mental and physical sluggishness)
Hypersecretion --> elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, etc |
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Secreted by the thyroid gland
Decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in the bones (acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone) |
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Definition
Found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
Secreted by the parathyroid gland
The most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood
When blood calcium levels decrease, PTH causes release of calcium from bone matrix and causes the kidney to reabsorb more calcium from the filtrate, and stimulates kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitriol
Hyposecretion --> tetany
Hypersecretion --> bone fractures |
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Bilobed gland in the superior thorax, between the sternum and the heart
Secretes thymlin, thymosins, thymopoeitins |
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Definition
Secreted by the parathyroid gland
The most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood
When blood calcium levels decrease, PTH causes release of calcium from bone matrix and causes the kidney to reabsorb more calcium from the filtrate, and stimulates kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitriol
Hyposecretion --> tetany
Hypersecretion --> bone fractures |
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Adrenal medulla and cortex
Located atop the kidneys |
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Directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| Secretes the corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocoricoids like cortisol, and gonadocorticoids like androgens and estrogens) |
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Secreted by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids |
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Secreted by the adrenal cortex
Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone enable the body to resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels |
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Produced by the adrenal cortex
Androgens and estrogens produced throughout life in insignificant amounts
Hypersecretion --> abnormal hairiness (hirsutism) and musculinization |
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Definition
Located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen
Functions as an endocrine and exocrine gland
Produces digestive enzymes and blood sugar regulation hormones (insulin and glucagon) |
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Definition
Secreted by the pancreas
Decreases blood sugar levels
Hyposecretion --> diabetes mellitus
Hypersecretion --> hypoglycemia |
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Secreted by the pancreas
Acts antagonistically to insulin
Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen stores to glucose and release it into the blood |
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Female gonads = ovaries, produce estrogens and progesterone
Male gonads = testes, produce testosterone |
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Secreted by the ovaries
Responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty |
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Secreted by the testes
Promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, brings about the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for sex drive |
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Definition
| Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus, (pancreas and gonads produce hormones and exocrine products) |
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| Primary sex organs (gonads) |
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Definition
Testes in males, ovaries in females
Produce sex cells called gametes, secrete sex hormones |
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| Accessory reproductive organs |
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Definition
| Ducts, glands, external genitalia |
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