Term
| What is the pituitary gland also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hormones of the pitutary affect activity of many other endocrine glands BUT its activity is controlled by inhibiting and releasing hormones prod. in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What are the 3 lobes that the pituitary gland is made of? |
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Definition
1. anterior lobe(adenohypophysis)
2. intermediate lobe
3. posterior lobe(neurohypophysis) |
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Term
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary hormones and their secretion? |
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Definition
-hormones of the anterior love are called tropic hormones b/c they stimulate other tissues
-their secretion is controlled by the inhibitors and releasers from hypothalamus
-there are 6 principal anterior lobe hormones |
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Term
| What are the anterior lobe hormones? TARGETS? EFFECTS? |
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Definition
1.adrenocorticotropic(ACTH) or corticotropin TARGETS:adrenal cortex EFFECTS:stim. the prod. of corticosteriods (esp. glucocorticods)
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) or thyrotropin TARGETS:thyroid follicles EFFECTS:stim. prod. of Thyroxine
3. Human growth hormone(hGh) or somatotropin TARGETS:body tiss in general esp epiphyseal plates of long bones EFFECTS: stim. tissue growth and growth of long bones
4.Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) or folliculotropin TARGETS:ovarian follicles or seminferous tubles EFFECTS:stim. maturation of ova and sperm
5. Luteninizing hormone(LH) or luteotropin TARGETS:corpus luteum in females or interstitial cells of Leydig in males EFFECTS:stim. prod. of estrogen and androgens
6.Prolactin TARGETS:mammary alveoli EFFECTS:stim. milk prod. |
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Term
| What two hormones are called gonadotropins? why? |
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Definition
| FSH and LH because they both influence the gonads |
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Term
| In males LH can also be called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland do? |
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Definition
| prod. a single hormone=melanocyte stim. hormone(MSH) in lower vertebrates MSH affects the activity of pigment cells in skin but in humans MSH is not secreted in significant amounts therefore its role if any is unclear |
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Term
| What hormone is similar to MSH? what can it cause if hypersecreted? |
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Definition
| ACTH-darkening of the skin |
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Term
| Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
hormones of the post. lobe are actually prod. in the hypothalamus and sent to post. lobe for storage and eventually release.
2 hormones(both are polypeptides) secreted under neuro-endocrine reflex control
ADH-antidiuretic hormone-osmoreceptors in the hypothal. moniter the plasma solute concentration when the osmolality increases(dehydration)stimulates ADH rel. and increased water retension in the kidneys
Oxytocin-stim. contractions of the smooth muscle of the uterus in labor-rel. for this is triggered by the pressure of the fetus's head aganist the cervix.(in post partum females it also triggers the contractions of the mammary alveoli into the ducts "milk drop" release for this is triggered by the suckling reflex. |
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Term
| Hypothalamic control of anterior lobe secretion? |
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Definition
| sec. by ant. lobe is controlled by the inhibitors and releasers from hypothalamus. some ant. lobe hormones have inhibitors, some have releasers and some have both |
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Term
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Definition
1.Pituitary Giantism-result of hypersecretion of hGh in childhood-causes excessive growth of the long bones=extreme height
2.acromegaly-results of hyersecretion of hGh in adulthood-causes knobby joints and angular massive facial features
3.Pituitary Dwarfism-results of hyposecretion of hGh in childhood-causes dwarfed stature but limbs are normally proportional-TX: hGh supplements in childhood
4.Diabetes insipidus-results from hyposecretion of ADH-causes excess urine produciton but the urine is not sweet as in diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
they are paird
each adrenal gland has 2 layers
-adrenal cortex=outer layer-glandular epith. tissue
-adrenal medulla=inner layer-modified nervous tissue
CORTICOSTERIODS |
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Term
| Adrenal cortex has 3 distinct zones? |
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Definition
1.zona glomeruloca-prod. mineralocorticoids ex=aldoslerone involved w/ electrolyte reg
2.zona fasciculate
3.zona reticularis both produce glucocorticoids ex=cortisol inv. w/ metabolic reg.
THEY ALSO PRODUCE LOW LEVELS OF SEX STERIODS |
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Term
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Definition
is actually a mod sympathetic ganglion. In response to sympathetic stimulation it secrets catecholamines(epinephrine and norepin. 4to1)these are secreted in response to sudden fright,stress,anxiety and cause system-wide sympathetic activation producing the flight or flight respone
-increased HR and contration strength
-inc. respirator rate and brochial dil.
-vaso-dilation to skel. mus.
-vaso-constr. else where(skin&GI tract)
-increased blood glucose
ALSO: decreased salivation causes diaphoresis |
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Term
| Adremal Secretion and the General Adaptation Syndrom(GAS) |
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Definition
-involves adaptation to prolonged stress-causes hypersecretion by the adrenal cortex and medulla
-syndrome procedes in 3 stages
1.alarm stage-inital reaction to strees(fight or flight)
2.Adaptation Stage-causes hyperglycemia,nervousness,agitation, possible insomia
3.exhaustion stage-body's compensatory mech. break down(hypoglycemia,chronic fatigue,depression, immune supression to illness) |
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Term
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Definition
1.cushings-caused by chronic hypersecretion of corticosteriods-may be due to adrenal tumor or hypersec. of ACTH.etc
-chronic hyperglycemia,weight gain (esp in face and trunk),electrolyte imbalances-IF hypersec. of ACTH may darken skin
2.addisons-caused by hyposec. of corticosteriods-usually autoimmune(rel. anterior lobe inhibition resulting in hypersec. of ACTH)
-chronic hypoglycemia,and severe electrolyte imbalances that are FATAL w/o tx.
3.adrenogenital syndrome-hypersec. of the sex speriods by the adrenals usually b/c of tumor
-feminization in males or masculization in females |
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Term
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Definition
-largest strictly endocrine gland weighs 20 to 25 grams
-is bilobed and loc. in the throat nest to and below larynex
-principal thyroid hormones are prod. w/i ghyroid follicles(thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
-regulate the body's basal metaabolic rate(BMR) |
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Term
| What is calcitonin and where is it produced? |
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Definition
-produced between the follicles are parafollicular cells of thyroid
-secondary thyroid hormone
-polypeptide
-acts to decreases your serum Ca does this by increasing the activity of osteoblasts and the deposition of Ca in bone therefore it can be useful in TX of osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
1.hyperthyroidism(hypersec. of T3 and T4)-can be caused by TSH,thyroid tumor,autoimmune(graves disease)
-hyperactivity,wt loss,flaky&oily skin,hair loss,possible exophalmia(bulging eyes)
-tx=thyroidectomy or admin. radioactive iodine followed by thyroid supplements
2.hypothyroidism(hyposec of T3&T4)-c
-causes wt. gain,lethargy,massive stature(adults),
-Tx=synthroid
(in infancy(cretinism)causes mental retardiation,dwarfed stature,poor secual dev.)
3.iodine deficiency goiter-deficiency in dietary iodine decreases T4 sec. as a result inhibition of the anterior lobe is lifted causing chronic hypersec. of TSH resulting in thyroid hypertrophy
-Tx=thyroidectomy followed w/synthroid supps |
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Term
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Definition
-loc below and behind the stomach-curve of duodenum
-both exocrine and endocrine function
-exocrine acini prod. pancratic juice-aids digestion
-bet. the acini are clumps of endocrine cells(islets of Langerhans)3 types
1.alpha cells-sec. glucagon=inc. BG
2.beta cells-sec insulin=dec. BG
3. delta cells-sec. somatostatin=inhibits sec. of insulin and glucagon when neither is needed |
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Term
| insulin and diabetes mellitus(DM) |
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Definition
-diabetes mellitus is caused by either insulin deficiency or dec. response to it
-as a result BG levels tend to B/c very high
-uncontrolled DM has 3 primary symptoms
1.polyuria-excessive urine production=inc. glucose in urine draws water
2.polydipsia-excessive thirsty-b/c water loss
3.polyphagia-excessive hunger-b/c of lack of insulin inhibition of appetite centers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| insulin shock vs. diabetic coma |
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Definition
-insulin shock=results from insulin overdose in an insulin-dep diabetic
-causes rapid onset of confusion,disorientation lapse into onconsciousness, possible coma and death
-diabetic coma=results from the lack of insulin in an insulin-dep diabetic
-causes gradual onset of confusion,disorientation,lapse into onconsiousness,possible coma and death
-IF YOU ARE UNSURE GIVE GLUCOSE NOT INSULIN(CHECK FOR KETOSIS"ACETONE BREATH" |
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Term
| effects of uncontrolled DM |
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Definition
1.diabetic microangiopathy-damage to small blood vessels b/c of inc. glucose-dec. perfusion to tissues predisposes to gangrene
2.diabetic neuropathy(esp sensory)-damage to nerves b/c of inc. glucose
3.diabetic retinopathy-b/c dec. oxygen to retina-BLINDNESS
4.arterioscierosis(hardeneing of artery wall)and atherosclerosis(occlusion of arteries by fatty plaques)=predispose diabetics to CAD and renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
-vestige of the primative 3rd eye=still responds to light but the inpput now is thru the eye
-prod. the hormone melatonin=involved w/reg. of daily activity cycles. synthesis is inhibited by light
-incre. levels at night promote sleep
-also involves the onset of puberty-inc levels in childhood inhibit the rel of gonadotropins-sleep less allows FSH and LH to start puberty
-inc. levels in winter cause moodiness,depression, loss of libido-seasonal affective disorder(SAD)=special light box |
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Term
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Definition
-loc. anterior and ventral to the heart
-site of early maturation of your t-lymphocytes in childhood. shirnks post-adolescence b/c the t-cells migrate to spleen and lymph nodes-whats left still produces hormones to affect the t-cells
---ex.
1.thymopoletin-stim t-cell divison
2. thymosins-reg. the activity of t-cells |
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Term
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Definition
-testies=sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules stim. by FSH
-b/w the tubules are interstitial celss of Leydig-prod. androgens(testosterone)stim. by LH
BOTH FSH AND TESTOSTERONE are need for normal sperm production
-ovaries=as an ovarian follicle begins to enlarge(1-14)produces estrogen-stim. growth of the endometrium under FSH influence
-(14)ovulation occurs-remains of follicle develope into a glandular corpus loteum-sec. estrogen and progesterone(LH influ)to maintain the endometrium for implantation |
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Term
| What happends if implantation occurs? |
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Definition
the growing embryo begins to form a plancenta-prod. several hormones similar to anterior lobe hormones
-1.human choronic gonadotropin-hcG-has effects sim to FSH and LH stim prod sex steriods by placenta and fetus-these inhibit the menstral cycle till after partiurition
-2.sematomamotropin-has effects similar to hGh sim the growth of fetal tissues and the mothers mammary glands |
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Term
| What happends if implantation does not occur? |
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Definition
| as FSH and LH levels drop the corpusletuem degenerates and the falling estrogen triggers menstration of FSH and rel. and the cycle repeats |
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Term
| Stomach and small instestine |
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Definition
prod. several hormones that regulate gastrointestinal activity
-ALL ARE POLYPEPTIDES |
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Term
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Definition
| When food enters the stomach this causes an initial release of gastric juice which begins breaking down proteins. the short peptides prod. stim. the rel. of gastrin. It feeds back to the stomach and causes the releases of more gastric juice. This is positive feedback. When the pH of the stomach contents falls to about 1.5 further gastric juice rel. is inhibited to stomach also rel. ghrelin when its full it inhibits the hunger center. |
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Term
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Definition
when chyme(mix of food and dig. juices) enters it stimulates the release of several hormones
1.secretin-stim. the rel. of pancreatic juice
2.cholecystokinin(CCK)stim. rel. of bile from gall bladder-also acts to increase pancreatic sec.
3.gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP)-is released in response to fat rich chyme entering-it slows the emptying of stomach b/c fats are harder to digest |
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Term
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Definition
produces several hormones and hormone-like substances
1.erythropoietine(EPO)=a polypeptide-stim the production of RBC's in myeloid tissue
2.Renin(enzyme)-involved w/ regulation of BP
3.1,25 dihydroxy Bitamin D3-involved w/ reg. of Caa and PO4 levels |
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Term
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Definition
cell to cell exchange of resp. gases,nutrients, etc. is by diffusion
-this is only effective thru a few mm's of tissue therefore the primary function of the circ. system is to carry such substances to w/i effective diffusion distance of tissue cells |
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Term
| functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
1.transport of respiratory gases
-includes oxygen(most bound to Hb)carbon dioxide(transported 3 ways),nitrogen(dissolved in plasma inert in body)
2.transport of nutrients
-includes glucose,amino acids,vitamins,lipids(lipoproteins)etc.
3.Transport of hormones
-some are dissolved in the plasma, some are bound to carrier proteins
4.transport of metabolic wastes
-includes ammonia,urea,creatinine,bile
5.transport of the cells and products of immune system
6.inturnal Heat distribution
-diverting blood from one area to another is "blood shunting"-routinely done for thermoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
-functions to pump the blood-is a double pump-there are 2 seperate pathways in the body
1.pulmonary circulation-servesthe lungs and rt. ventricle is the pump-it is a volume pump-walls thing-pressure rel. low
2.systemic circulation-serves the rest of the body-left ventricle-pressure pump-walls thick |
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Term
| What is Congestive Heart Failure? |
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Definition
| when damage to the myocardium from previous MI, vvarious infection, meds, chronic hypertension. the heart may lose pumping efficiency therefoe blood pools in the veins behind the heart-forceing fluid into tissue |
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Term
| In a fetus b/c lungs are not yet operating most blood flow is diverted thru 2 openings? |
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Definition
1.foramen ovale-in interatrial septum bet. right and left atria
-closes at birth leaving the sinus ovale
2.ductus arterioses-bet. pulmonary trunk and aorta
-closes just after birt leaving a ligamentum arteriosum |
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Term
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Definition
| are the large vessels from/to heart-both have same basic structure |
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Term
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Definition
-are the smallest vessels-connect arterioles and venules
-are the site of tissue exchange of resp gases,nutrients,etc.
-the call consists of simple squamous epith. continuous w/ the tunic intima of larger vessels |
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Term
| 3 basic types of capillaries |
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Definition
1.contiuous capillaries-are no gaps b/w epith cells-found in the CNS help from the BBB
2.fenestrated cap-have pores b/w epith. cells to aid filtration ex.kidney
3.discontinuous cap-have rel large gaps b/w the epith cells-lets blood cells enter and leave ex.liver,spleen,marrow lymphnodes |
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Term
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Definition
-b/c of high filtration pressure in capillaries and b/c they're "leaky" fluid constantly leaks into tissues this is interstitial fluid(IF). any excess IF must be returned to circ.-lymphatics do this
-blind-ended lymph capillareis penetrate most body tissues-excess IF diffuses into theses
-These lead into large lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Where do lymph nodes occur? |
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Definition
| periodically along lymphatic vessels, as lymph passes thru these it is cleansed and WBC's and immune products are added. eventually lymph is returned to venous circ. |
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Term
| what are the 2 major vessels that lymph is returned tovenous circ? |
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Definition
1.right lymphatic duct-drains right side of head,neck,chest,and right arm-enters right subclavion vein
2.left lymphatic(thoracic)duct-drains the left side of the head,neck,chest, and left arm and entire body below the diaphragm-enters the left subclavian vein |
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Term
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Definition
heart lies w/i a seperate subdivision of the coelom-its wall consist of the pericardial sac areound the heart.
-the parietal and visceral pericardium are serous membranes(secrete fluid) this is pericardial fluid-it fills sac decreases friction as heart beats
-w/ infection or inflammation viscosity increases thus increasing friction. This is pericarditis(common after open heart surgery) |
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Term
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Definition
1.epicardium(visceral pericardium)-simple squamous epith. w/ fibrous CT beneath
2.myocardium-heart muscle
3.endocardium-simple squamous epith. w/fibrous CT beneath |
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Term
| conduction system of the heart |
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Definition
| -the impulse that triggers a heartbeat is intrinsic in origin. It originates in a patch of modified cardiac muscle in the wall of the rt atrium that behaves much like nervous tissue-the sinoatrial(SA)node(heart's pacemaker) |
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Term
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Definition
1.impulse orginates at sinoatrial node
2.impulse spreads from SA node thru atria-they contract
3.impulse reaches atrioventricular node-is a slight delay(allows full atrial contraction before ventricles start)
4.impulse spreads from AV node down bundle of His and along bundle branchs to purkinje fibers and throughout the ventricles-they contract-CYCLE REPEATS |
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Term
| The impulse itself is intrinsic BUT? |
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Definition
| rate of impulse production by the SA node is under extrinsic control-both nervous and hormonal |
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Term
| When a chamber is contracted it is in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a chamber is relaced it is in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is both atrial and ventricular what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the term systole and diastole are used alone they are assumed to refer to what? |
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Definition
| ventricular b/c they are dominant events |
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Term
| What is the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| refers to the repeating cycle of events as the heart beats times correspond to HR=75 beats/min |
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Term
| What is end diastolic volume?\ |
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Definition
| a full load in the ventricles |
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Term
| When ventricle systole occurs? |
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Definition
| the ventricles do not empty completely approx. 1/3 of the voume is left this is the end systolic volume |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke voume(amount pumped/beat) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The sounds d thru a stethoscope are what? |
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Definition
| the heart valves snapping shut |
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Term
| What is the louder thump? |
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Definition
| the AV valves closing at the beginning of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| s the semilunar valves closing at the beginning of diastole |
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Term
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Definition
due to the valve or septial defects blood may leak thru as the heart beats causing a "hiss" or "gurgle" in the background of the main sounds
-may be congenital or caused by meds or infection |
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Term
| What causes blue baby or cyanosis? |
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Definition
| congenital valve or sptial defects in newborns results in poor oxygenation of arterial blood |
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Term
| electrial activity of the heart |
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Definition
| -cells of the SA node resemble nervous tissue in their electrial activity but they are never at reset. as soon as repolarization occuurs they start to hypopolarize. when they hit teir pacemaker potential they SA node fires and produces an AP |
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Term
| What happens with lethal injection? |
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Definition
| the extracellular K conc. is too high-the proper gradient for outward flow of K doesnt exist-SA node cant repolarize and stops heart |
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Term
| What does the EKG provide? |
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Definition
| a record of the electrial activity of the heart |
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Term
| irregularities in EKG are diagnostic of various cardiac abnormalities(4) |
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Definition
1.an irregular or broken p-wave can indicate atrial fibrillation
2.an increased p-r wave interval indicates AV node or dundle block. can be primary,secondary(treated w/meds), or third degree(reqs. pacemaker)
3.elevated r-t segment,depressed r-t segment or inverted t-wave-indicates a pervious MI or MI in progress
4.a massive MI may induce ventricular fibrillation EKG is chaotic w/ no regular rhythm b/c impulses are produced randomly throughout ventricles
-to stop this juse a defibrillator-it ajpplies a massive shock to depolarize the entire heart and restore normal sinus rhythm |
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Term
| a resting HR above 100 beats/min= |
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Definition
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Term
| a resting HR below 60 beats/min= |
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Definition
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