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Definition
ductless glands
highly vascular
produce hormones
secrete into bloodstream where they circulate until they reach their target cells in organs.
each hormone is specific to a receptor on a specific target cell.
secretion of many hormones is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. |
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chemical messengers
used to maintain homeostasis
regulate metabolism
assist in transport of substances through the cell membrane
regulate H2O and electrolyte balance
regulation of blood pressure |
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| state of thermal and chemical balance in the body |
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| sum total of all chemical reactions that use and release energy |
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loated inferior to thymus in mid section of brain
nervous and endocrine functions
send and recieves nervous and chemical msgs.
produce & secrete inhibiting & releasing hormones that control production & release of pituitary hormones |
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hypophysis
master gland
located inferior aspect of brain in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum-which consists of nerve
fibers and blood vessels called hypophysis portal veins
two main parts: anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary |
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adenohypohysis or pars distalis
glandular tissue: epithelial tissue arranged around capillaries and enclosed in a capsule of collengenous connective tissue |
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| anterior pituitary cell groups |
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Definition
2 groups
5 types of cells
basophils: thyrotropes, gonadotropins, corticotropes
acidophils: Somatotropes, mammotropes |
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TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
controls secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4)
both regulate metabolism |
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LH - leutinizing hormone
promotes secretion of sex hormones in males and release of egg from ovaries in females
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
growth and developement of ovarian follicle
production and secretion of estrogen |
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ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone
stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens |
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| Acidophilss: Somatotropes |
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GH - growth hormone
stimulates growth and repair of cells |
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PRL - prolactin
stimulates production of milk in females.
decreases production of LH in males.
(excess LH in males causes decrease in male sex hormones and possible infertility) |
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| mainly nervous tissue. hormones are made by hypothalamus. hormones move down nerve fibers into infundbulum into posterior pituitary where they are stored in specialized neurological cells called pituicytes. No hormones are produced here! |
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| Posterior pituitay: 2 hormones stored and released |
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Definition
Oxytocin - OT
Antidiuretic hormone - ADH |
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| posterior pituitary: also called |
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| neurohypophysis or pars nervosa |
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| Causes smooth muscle contraction (labor) and helps stimulate release of milk from breast |
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Also called vasopressin
causes water retention and vasoconstriction-increases BP |
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central part of pituitary
functions in embryonic development. shrinks during prenatal developement. remnant in adults and serves no known function.
produces MSH - malanocyte stimulating hormone that aids in melanin production |
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| Butterfly or bow tie shaped wrapped around the anterior portion of the trachea below the thyroid cartilage of larynx. 2 halves joined by the isthmus |
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spherical structures.
filled with colloidal protien rich in iodine
Colloid stores building block for thyroid hormones and T3 & T4.
follicles lined with follicular cells (simple cuboidal epithelial) |
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increase metabolism
rate of protein synthesis
accelerate growth
stimulate nervous system activities |
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| Thyroid: parafollicular, extrafallicula, or chief cells |
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Definition
outside and inbetween follicles
produce calcitronin - CT which decreases blood calcium levels by increasing calcium uptake by bones, or decreasing release of calcium from bones
promotes increased excretion of calcium by kidneys which is important during times of physiologic stress like being knocked up. during pregnancy reabsorption of calcium does not take place. Calcium is used for fetal growth and biosynthesis of milk instead |
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posterior aspect of thyroid.
occurs in two pairs, one on r and one on l
Principal or chief cells
oxyphil cells |
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Produce parathyroid hormone or parathormone -PTH
increases blood calcium levels via action on kidneys, bones, and intestines. if calcium levels are low PTH stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium into blood |
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2 glands locateded on superior aspect of kidneys - suprarenal means above kidneys
shaped like pyramid imbedded in adipose tissue |
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| Adrenal glands: 3 portions or regions |
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Definition
Adrenal capsule
adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla |
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outer covering of connective tissue
encloses and protects entire gland |
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| outer region of epithelial tissue |
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| central region developed from neural tissue |
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secretes adrenocorticoids
complete loss of function leads to death due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
essential to life.
3 layers that produce, store and release a different hormone with a different function |
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zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis |
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produces aldosterone
Aldosterone responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance
causes increase of Na+ absorption, H2O retention and K+ excretion
responsible for H+ ions in urine. Excretion helps maintain pH of blood at approx. 7.35 preventing acidosis. |
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produces glucocorticoids, cortisol aka hydrocortisone)
Cortisol helps regulate matabilism and aids in resistance to stress |
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produces androgens
synthesis small amounts of male sex hormones which are responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males |
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contain medullary cells that produce store and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
epinephrerine is synthesised from norepinepherine.
15%of norepinephrine is stored unchanged and the rest is converted into epenepherine |
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| actions of Epinepherine and norepinepherine |
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| increase HR, BP, force of cardiac contractions, repiratory rate and decreses digestive activity |
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| adrenal medulla: function |
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Definition
Impulses from hypothalamus in response to stress (fight or flight) cause secretions of medullary hormones
these secretions work with sympathetic nervous system portion of atomomic nervous system getting body ready for fight or flight |
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you know what this looks like so why bother writing it down.
located posterior to stomachbehind parietal peritoneum between stomach and duodeum. Bothe endocrine and exocrine funtions |
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| pancreas; exocrine portion |
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| digestion. duct transports digetive juices into intestine. |
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| function occurs in small clusters of cells called the Islets or Islands of Langerhans. This is the part that has endocrine function; contains 4 types of cells |
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| Island of Langerhans; 4 cell types |
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glucagon
stimilates liver to convert glucose into glycogen. Increases blood glucose levels. help maintain sufficient levels of glucose in blood and maintain normal blood glucose levels preventing hyperglycemia |
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produce insulin.
stimulate liver to convert glucose into glycogen and facillitates diffusion of glucose into cells to be used for energy.
insuline decreases blood glucose levels to maintain normal levels preventing hyperglycemia |
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| produce somatostatin which regulates metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagons and insulin |
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| produces and secretes pancreatic polypeptide (PP) which inhibits gallbladder contractions, regulate production of some pancreatic enzymes, and controls rate of nutrient absorption by digestive tract |
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located mid brain deep between the cerebral hemispheres. Looks like a pine cone.
masses of neurological and secretory cells called pinealocytes
secretes serotonin and malatonin |
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help regulate circadian rhythms and onset of puberty
melatonin acts as an effective antioxidant and protects CNS from free radicals
Seasonal affected disorder |
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located midistinum behind sternum between lungs
large and functional in children but shrinks with age.
affects production of certain leukocytes (WBC) specifically T cells essential to immunity |
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