Term
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Definition
| failure of palatine bones and/or palatine processes of maxillary bones to fuse medially |
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Term
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Definition
| aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| The gas exchange between the blood and alveoli in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 and CO2 are carried by blood between the lungs and all tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| collective processes of pulmonary ventilation, internal and external repiration, and transport of gases is reffered to as respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| ethmoid and vomer bones - divide nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary (sup to inf) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
Contains: internal nares, openings of auditory tubes, pharyngeal tonsils.
Lined with: PCCE |
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Term
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Definition
Contains: palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, fauces (opening to oral cavity), uvula (punching bag)
Lined with: stratified squamous |
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Term
| Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) |
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Definition
extends from the hyoid inferiorly to the level of the cricoid cartilage
Lined with: stratified squamous |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in producing sound and keeping food and drink out of the trachea (epiglottis - elastic cart.) |
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Term
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Definition
| bronchus, vessels, and lungs enter at the hilus (pl=hili) |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral pleura covers lungs and parietal is outside layer, inbetween is the pleural cavity which is filled with serous fluid |
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Term
| respiratory tree (flow of air) |
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Definition
| trachea -> bronchi (primary) -> bronchi (secondary) ->bronchi (tertiary) -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles (switch from conducting zone to respiratory zone) -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 per lung, functionally independent unit, portions supplied by tertiary bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| lumen, muscosa (PCCE w/ goblet cells), Submucosa (seromucous glands, C-shaped rings of hyaline cart, and trachealis muscle of smooth muscle), adventitia, esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
Bronchioles: lumen, cartilage plate, smooth muscle, pseudostratified epithelium
Alveoli, Alveolar sac, Respiratory bronchiole, Alveolar duct, simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Muscles involved in Inspiration |
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Definition
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Accessory Muscles -
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalene muscles
-serratus anterior
-pectoralis minor |
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Term
| Muscles involved in expiration |
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Definition
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| rebound of lungs after being stretched by inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
Bronchial sounds - produced by air moving through large airways (trachea and bronchi)
Vesicular breathing sounds - produced by air filling alveolar sacs (rustle or muffled breeze) |
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Term
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Definition
| (500 ml) volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| (3100 ml) volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| (1200 ml) volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
maximum volume that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible (maximal inspiration).
VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
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Term
| Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV) |
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Definition
volume inhaled or exhaled from a persons lungs in one minute.
MRV = TV * Respirations/minute |
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Term
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Definition
amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiratory effort. Cannot be directly measured, only approximated.
RV = VC * Factor |
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Term
| Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) |
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Definition
| Total volume of air that can be breathed out of the lungs with maximum effort in 1 breath. Low FVC in those with restrictive pulmonary disease (i.e. polio, TB) |
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Term
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) |
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Definition
| measure of how much air is breathed out in 1st second during FVC. Low FEV in those with obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, asthma) |
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Term
| carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system |
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Definition
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+
Carbon dioxide and water react via carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+ ions.
When blood too acidic, H+ binds with HCO3- to form H2CO3.
When blood too basic, H2CO3 releases H+ to create HCO3- and H+ ions. pH stable at 7.4 + or - .02 |
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Term
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Definition
| A Chloride shift occurs when bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ) diffuse out of RBCs into plasma. An electrical imbalance in RBCs draws Cl- from the plasma back into the RBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| IKI = potassium iodide; turns black in presence of starch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Color change with heat indicates presence of glucose or maltose. Blue to orange color change is a positive result for glucose or maltose. Note - does not detect presence of sucrose. |
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Term
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Definition
| color changing dye that is attached to an AA via a peptide bond. When BAPNA's peptide bond is broken, color change from clear to yellow. Trypsin is often the enzyme used. |
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Term
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Definition
| triglyceride digestion by pancreatic lipase releases fatty acids, which drop pH and turn the litmus solution pink. Alkaline changes make a dark lavender color. Works best when bile salts are mixed with solution 1st in order to emulsify. |
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Term
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Definition
Swallowing. Largely skeletal muscle activity. 2 phases:
buccal phase - occurs in mouth and is voluntary
pharyngeal-esophogeal phases - involuntary and includes peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| waves of contraction and then relaxation - major food propulsion |
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Term
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Definition
| rythmically constrict the organ wall - mixing action, increase absorption, food propulsion |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow tube extending from mouth to anus (GI tract). Covered with mucous membrane and open at both ends. |
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Term
| accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas |
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Term
| General Histological Plan of Alimentary Canal |
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Definition
| Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae), Submucosa (dense CT, well vascularized, contains submucosal nerve plexus), Muscularis Externa (circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, myenteric nerve plexus), Serosa (visceral peritoneum- epithelium over areolar CT), Adventitia (only if outside abdominopelvic cavity - Course fibrous CT) |
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Term
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Definition
| palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch (posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| palatine raphe (pl = raphae) |
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Term
| Gastroesophogeal Junction |
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Definition
| junction of esophagous to stomach. (statified squamous of esoph. Into simple columnar of stomach) |
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Term
| four main regions of stomach and sphincters |
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Definition
| fundus, cardiac, body, pyloric. Cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter. -- Also, greater and lesser curvature. |
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Term
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Definition
| large irregular folds lining internal walls of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| food mixed with gastric juices |
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Term
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Definition
| simple columnar epi (mucous neck cells), mucosa with gastric pits and gastric glands, parietal cells (secrete HCl and intrinsic factor), and Zymogenic Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen); rugae (irregular folds larger than villi); 3 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externa (oblique, circular, longitudinal), serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Simple columnar with microvilli which are long and wide in the duodenum and short and squat in the ileum. Goblet cells increasing in number distally. Plicae circularis are large folds of mucosa and submucosa (epithelium and lamina propria extending into lumen), and intestinal crypts which are extensions of lumen into mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic duct found throughout the small intestine |
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Term
| capillary beds of small intestine |
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Definition
| line basemement membrane and transport to hepatic portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that release mucous rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate that neutralizes HCl from stomach. Most numerous at beginning of duedenum |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous discrete oval or round patches of lymphatic tissue in the submucosa of the ileum. |
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Term
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Definition
| feces compaction and water absorption. Some vitamin absorption. Cecum -> ascending colon -> hepatic flexure -> transverse colon -> splenic flexure -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon |
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Term
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Definition
| extends off of the cecum - immune function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal layer of muscle is limited to 3 bands called teniae coli |
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Term
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Definition
| small pocket-like sacs on walls of large intestine created by the muscle tone of the teniae coli |
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Term
| Large intestine histology |
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Definition
| simple columnar with many goblet cells (xmas tree lights) and NO villi. Also have intestinal crypts and sometimes have concentrated lymphatic nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2, 1, 2, 3 incisor, canine, premolar, molar. Adults with 32 permanent teeth and children with 20 deciduous teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| crown = visible portion; root = below gum line; neck=inbetween; enamel, dentin, pulp (outside to inside); cementum attaches tooth to periodontal ligament; apical foramen is where vessels exit root |
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Term
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Definition
parotid - largest, secretion is primary serous with salivary amylase
sublingual - smallest, secrete mucous fluids
submandibular - secrete both mucous and serous fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of detoxificiation, protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, secretes bile salts. Right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament; round ligament is leftover from fetal umbilical cord and is on underside of liver. |
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Term
| Ducts of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
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Definition
| left and right hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct (met by cystic duct of gallbladder) -> common bile duct (goes through head of pancreas) -> pancreatic duct(s) (possibly accessory pancreatic duct 3-10% of pop.) and common bile duct join and drain into duodenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla -> bile and pancreatic juices into duodenum controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| orifice into the duodenum from hepatopancreatic ampulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Head, neck, body, tail, and pacreatic notch ---- Histology: acini and islets of langerhans |
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