• Interstitial Fluid
• Plasma
• Other: CSF, Serous fluid, endolymph, perilymph, aqueous humor

ICF: K+, P+

ECF: NA++ CL-/ HCO3

ECF Osmolarity INCREASES

ICF > ECF

PCO2

-------------------------------------------------------

CO2→carbonic acid

1. Changes in the K+ concentration in ECF
2. Changes in pH
3. High Aldosterone/Blood

KIDNEY

• To prevent changes in pH cause by organic acid and fixed acids
• To prevent acidosis more common than alkalosis
• Excess H+ will be added to HCO3 to become H2CO3, and then H2CO3 will be disassociated to CO2 and H2O, CO2 is then eliminated by lung 

• Produces
• stores
• nourishes
• transports gametes

• Gonads (testes/ovaries)
• reproductive tract
• glands
• external genitalia

• Speratid matures and becomes a spermatozoon (sperm)
• Spermatocytes and spermatids are surround by cytoplasm of sustentacular cell
• takes 9 weeks from spermatocyte to complete spermiation.

interstitial cells= (or Leydig Cells) produce androgen

sustentacular cell (Sertoli cells)= to nurture the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis.

sex drive would increase

GnRH  ???

FSH  ???

1. it monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules.

2. it acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa.

3. it stores and protects spermatozoa and facilitates their functional maturation.

Quick Answer:

monitor, recycle, stores/protects

- Produce more acid 

= produce prostatic fluid- a slightly acidic solution that contributes 20-30% of the volume of semen.

PH Acidic

-seminalplasmin = an antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males.

• Spermatozoa 
• Seminal Fluid
• Enzymes - protease, seminalplasmin, prostatic enzymes, fibrinolysin

- the fluid ejaculate that contains spermatozoa and the secretions of accessory glands of the male reproduction tract.

corpus spongiosum (1corpura spongium) = surrounds the penile urethra, extend from the superficial fascia of the urogenital diaphram to the tip of the penis, contains more elastic fiber and contains a pair of small arteries.

corpus cavernosum ( 2 copura cavernosa) =

separated by a thin septum and encircled by a dense collagenous sheath, sorround a central artery.

1. stimulating spermatogenesis

2. increases libido

3. promote anabolism

4. maintains 2nd sexual characteristics

5. 70% bound to GBG

6. 30% bound to GBA

7. 1st production at 7th wk, max at 6th month to suppress Mullerian ducts

Transports ovum to uterine cavity

includes fingerlike projection of uterine tube

SECRETORY: - gland becomes enlarged, increase secretion and lubrication.

PROLIFERATIVE: increased glandular activity

- Degeneration of functional zone by constriction of spiral arteries. (cause)

- Blood pours to connective tissues and enters to the uterine cavity and vagina.

- Basilar zone supplied by straight arteries that remains unconstricted - The degeneration occurs gradually last 2-7 days (35-50cc blood lost)

- Passageway for menses discharge

- Receiving penis and hold sperm

- Birth Canal for delivery

semen, hydrostatic pressure, contractio nof the skeltal muscle. 

ERECTION: When the smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax when NO (nitric oxcide) is released, at which time the vessels dialate, blood flow increases, the vascular channels become engorged with blood.

EJACULATION: - Occurs as powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles, two superficial skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor.

ejaculation = occurs under somatic stimulation.  the ejection of semen from the penis as the result of muscular contractions 2 skeletal muscles (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles). Push semen outside of penis.

emission = occurs under symphatetic stimulation.the process begins when the peristaltic contractions of the ampulla push semen to  urethra.

estrogens and progesterone,

which are steroid hormones (responsible for the thickening of the endometrium and its development and maintenance, respectively.)

- Number of follicles decrease, sso estrogen decreases, ovulation stops at 50 YO, no follicles left)

- The decrease of estrogen lead to the reduction of size of breast and uterus - osteosporosis, hot flashes, anxiety, depression due to LH

Primary - deformity of uterus, non-functional ovaries, hormonal disorders S

Secondary - pregnancy, illness, stress, starvation (lack of lipid)

Pregnancy is the MAIN SECONDARY CAUSE!

2 sperm trying to enter zygote.

fertilization by more than one sperm.

a waxy material produced by the preputial glands (located in the skin of the neck, the inner surface of the prepuce).

production from foreskin of penis

ovary