Term
| Three parts of cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
| Blood, heart, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| # of miles of blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of miles of blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between vertebral column and sternum, compressions can force blood out of heart into circulationbetween lungs in mediastinum, 2/3 of mass to left of midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encloses heart, inner: serous, outer: fibrous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parietal and visceral layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium, potential space fill with pericardial fluid, reduces friction between two membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of pericardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding into pericardial cavity that compresses heart, potentially lethal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of mesothelium and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| myocardities and endocarditis |
|
Definition
| inflammation of myocardium and endocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two upper atria
two lower ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
auricles small pouches on anterior surface of each atrium that increases capacity
sulci - grooves that contain blood vessels and fat and separate the chambers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives blood for superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in septum separating the right and left atria, oval depression, remnant of foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms most of the anterior surface of the heart |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary semilunar valve |
|
Definition
| blood passes from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk through this valva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives blood from pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood passes from left atrium to left ventricle through this valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood passes from left ventricle through the this valve into the aorta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during fetal life, this shunts blood from pulmonary trunk into aorta. At birth it closes and becomes ligamentum arteriosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin because they deliver blood to ventricles |
|
|
Term
| ventrical myocardial walls |
|
Definition
| thicker pump blood greater distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinner than left, pump blood into lungs, close by and little resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thicker than right, pump blood through body, resistance is greater |
|
|
Term
| fibrous skeleton of heart |
|
Definition
| forms foundation where heart valves attach, points of insertion for cardiac muscle bundles, prevents overstretching of valves, electrical insulator that prevents direct spread of action potentials from atria to ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open and close in response to pressure changes as heart contracts and relaxes |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
|
Definition
| prevent blood flow from ventricles back into atria |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular (AV) valves |
|
Definition
| prevent blood flow from ventricles back into atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contract and tighten chordae tendiae which prevents valve cusps from everting and causing back flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow ejection of blood from heart into arteries but prevent back flow of blood into ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when pressure in the ventricles exceeds pressure in the arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left side of heart, it pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs out into vessels of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right side of heart is the pump, receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends it to lungs for oxygenation |
|
|
Term
| coronary (cardiac) circulation |
|
Definition
| flow of blood through many vessels that pierce myocardium of heart |
|
|
Term
| right and left coronary arteries |
|
Definition
| principal arteries, branch from ascending aorta and carry oxygenated blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via this principal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage when blood flow is restored after heart attack, due to free radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakened heart cells due to low levels of oxygen carried to myocardium, if permanent called MI, heart attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shorter in length and larger in diameter than skeletal, squarish in transverse section, exhibit branching |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscles compared to skeletal |
|
Definition
| same arrangement of actin and myosin, same bands, zones, Z discs, less sarcolasmic reticulum and require Ca +2 for contraction from extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| atrial and ventricular networks |
|
Definition
| fibers within networks connected by intercalcated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions, discs allow fibers to work together to each network is functional unit. |
|
|
Term
| autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells |
|
Definition
| self excitable, generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger heart contractions, form conduction system, route to propagate action potential through heart muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac autorhythmic muscle cells, set rhythm for heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the conduction system, autorhythmic cells |
|
Definition
| sinoartrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV)node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS) right and left bundle branches, conduction myofibers (purkinje fibers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from signals from autonomic nervous system
hormones (epinephrineP can change rate and strength but do not establish fundamental rhythm. |
|
|
Term
| impulse in ventricular contractile fiber |
|
Definition
| characterized by rapid depolarization, plateau and repolarization |
|
|
Term
| refractory period in cardiac muscle fiber |
|
Definition
| longer than contraction itself, the time interval when a second contraction cannot be triggered |
|
|
Term
| ATP production in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
relies on aerobic cellular respiration for ATO production
it also produces some from creatine phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence in blood indicates injury of cardiac muscle usually MI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impulse conduction through heart generates electrical currents, ekg records electrical changes during each cardiac cycle/heartbeat
helps determine if conduction pathway is abnormal , if heart is enlarges, if certain regions are damaged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
P - wave
QRS complex
T wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial depolarization, spread of impulse from SA node over atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization, spread of impulses through ventricals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents conduction time from beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents time when ventricular contractile fibers are fully depolarized during plateau phase of the impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systole/contraction
diastole/relaxation of both atria rapidly followed by systole and diastole of both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| pressure and volume changes during cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
| during cycle atria and ventricles alternately contract and relax forcing blood from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| listening to sounds within the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from turbulence in blood flow caused by closure of valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lubb, blood turbulence associated with closing of the atriventricular valves after ventricular systole begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dupp
closing of the semilunar vaves close to end of ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal sound of flow noise heard before, between, or after lubb-dupp or masks normal sounds
some caused by turbulent blood flow around valves due to abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute |
|
|
Term
| cardiac output calculation |
|
Definition
| stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by ventricle with each contraction) multiplied by heart rate (number of beats per minute) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio between the maximum cardiac output a person can achieve and the cardiac output at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates stroke volume, the degree of stretch in the heart before it contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure that must be exceeded if ejection of blood from ventricles is to occur |
|
|
Term
| Frank-Starlimng law of the heart |
|
Definition
a greater preload (stretch) on cardiac fibers just before they contract increases their force of contraction during systole.
The Frank-Starling law of the heart equalizes the output of the right and left ventricles and keeps the same volume of blood flowing to the systemic and pulmonary circulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength of contraction at any given preload is affected by positive and negative inotropic agents, |
|
|
Term
| positive/negative inotropic agents |
|
Definition
| increase and decrease contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stroke volume increases when positive inotropic agents are present and decreases when negative inotropic agents are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can be open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood begins to remain in the ventricles increasing the preload and ultimately causing overstretching of heart and less forceful contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing heart rate is body's principal mechanism of short term control over cardiac output and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| factors of regulation of heart beat |
|
Definition
Autonomic
Chemical
age, gender, physical fitness, temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nervous control medulla oblongata's cardiovascular center
Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors monitor factors that influence heart rate
Sympathetic impulses increase heart rate and force of contractyion
Parasympathetic impulses decrease heart rate |
|
|
Term
| factors of regulation of heart beat |
|
Definition
Autonomic/ cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata
Chemical: hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid
Ions: Na+, Ca+2, K+
age, gender, physical fitness, temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develops from mesoderm before the end of the third week of gestation
Endothelial tubes develop into 4 chambered heart and great vessels of heart |
|
|
Term
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
Definition
| heart muscle receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of blood suppy. Leading cause of death in US, principal causes of obstruction: atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, clot in coronary artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances, cholesterol and triglycerides (neutral fats) accumulate in wasll of medium and large arteries in response to certain stimuli such as endothelial damage |
|
|
