Term
the accessory organs of the urinary system include |
|
Definition
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Term
in position, which is usually higher, left or right? |
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Definition
Left is often higher because of the liver |
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Term
the _ are the principle organs of the urinary system |
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Definition
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Term
true or false urinary system regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain the dynamic constancy or homeostasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits |
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Definition
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Term
kidneys are located in a _ position with the abdomen |
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Definition
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Term
what comprises much of the medullary tissue |
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Definition
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Term
the area where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids |
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Definition
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Term
cup-like structure at each renal papilla to collect urine; join together to form renal pelvis |
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Definition
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Term
renal pelvis narrows as it exits kidney to become _ |
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Definition
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Term
the large branch of abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney |
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Definition
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Term
located between the pyramids of the medulla and the renal artery branches; _ arteries extend toward the cortex, arch over the bases of the pyramids, and form arcuate arteries; from arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries penetrate the cortex |
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Definition
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Term
they are located where afferent arteriole brushes past distal tubule; important to maintenance of blood flow homeostasis by reflexively secreting renin when blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops |
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Definition
juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
which is often larger, left kidney or right? |
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Definition
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Term
the tube running from each kidney to urinary bladder; composed of three layers: mucous lining, muscular middle layer, and fibrous outer later |
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Definition
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Term
the _, located in the renal cortex, is a unique segment of the nephron where the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles of its own glomerulus |
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Definition
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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Term
it is structure is similar to that of a collapsible bag located behind the symphysis pubis made mostly of smooth muscle tissue; lining forms rugae; can distend considerably |
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Definition
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Term
functions of the urinary bladder include: |
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Definition
reservoir for urine before it leaves the body aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body |
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Term
urine enters the bladder via the _ and exits via the _ |
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Definition
ureter(s) (enter) urethra (exit) |
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Term
in anatomy, the _ is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (elastic) organ that sits on the pelvis floor. |
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Definition
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Term
the muscle in your bladder wall is called the _, it relaxes to allow your bladder to fill. When you go to the toilet, it contracts to squeeze out urine. |
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Definition
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Term
small mucous membrane-lined tube, extending from trigone to exterior of the body |
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Definition
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Term
male or female? in _, lies posterior to symphysis pubis and anterior to vagina; approximately 3 cm long |
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Definition
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Term
male or female urethra? In _, after leaving the bladder it pass through prostate gland where it is joined by two ejaculatory ducts; from prostate, extents to the base of the penis |
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Definition
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Term
mechanism for voiding name at least 2 |
|
Definition
voluntary relaxation of external sphincter muscle regions of the detrusor muscle contract reflexively urine is forced out of the bladder and through the urethra |
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Term
_, are the microscopic functional units, make up the bulk of the kidney; those located in renal cortex are called cortical nephrons; those near junction of cortical and medullary layers are called juxtamedullary nephrons; each _ is made up of various structures |
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Definition
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Term
the _ is the cup-shaped mouth of nephron |
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Definition
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Term
this is called the network of fine capillaries in bowman's capsule; together called renal corpuscle; located in cortex of kidney |
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Definition
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Term
this is the first part of the renal tubule nearest to bowman's capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course; also known as proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
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Term
renal tubule segment that is just beyond the proximal tubule. It consists of a thin descending limb, a sharp turning, and a thick ascending limb |
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Definition
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Term
true or false as the filtrate passes back up the thin ascending limb of loop of henle, the concentration of the surrounding medulla decreases. The thin ascending limb is not permeable to water, but it is permeable to ions. |
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Definition
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Term
This is a straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephorns. It joins larger ducts; larger collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a calyx |
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Definition
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Term
chief functions of kidney are to process _ and form _. |
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Definition
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Term
the functional unit of kidney is called a _. |
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Definition
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Term
defined as the movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in glomerulus into capsular space of bowman's capsule |
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Definition
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Term
defined as the movement of molecules out of tubule and into peritubular blood |
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Definition
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|
Term
defined as the movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into tubule for excretion. |
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Definition
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Term
this is the first step in blood processing that occurs in the renal corpuscles |
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Definition
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Term
true or false glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration are directly related to systemic blood pressure |
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Definition
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|
Term
this is the second step in urine formation;occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules; major portion of this precess occurs in proximal tubules |
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Definition
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Term
True or False Proper function of the reproductive system ensures the survival of the species |
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Definition
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Term
True or False Male reproductive system consists of organs whose functions are to produce, transfer, and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur |
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Definition
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Term
Supporting structures of the male reproductive system include |
|
Definition
Scrotum Penis Pair of spermatic cords |
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Term
_ in males, roughly diamond-shaped area between thighs; extends anteriorly from symphysis pubis to coccyx posteriorly; lateral boundary is the ischial tuberosity on either side; divided in the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle |
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Definition
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Term
_ is the formation of mature male gametes (spermatozoa) by seminiferous tubules |
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Definition
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Term
the testes secrets a hormone called _ |
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Definition
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Term
structure of spermatozoa consists of |
|
Definition
head (covered by acrosome) neck midpiece (body) tail (divided into a principal piece and a short end piece) |
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Term
the reproductive (genital) ducts the male reproductive system is called _. |
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Definition
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Term
this duct is formed by union of vas deferens with duct from seminal vesicle passes through prostate gland, terminating in urethra |
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Definition
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|
Term
structure and location – convoluted pouches about 5 to 7 cm long on posterior surface of bladder function – secrete the viscous, nutrient rich part of seminal fluid (60% of semen volume) |
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Definition
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Term
_ is dough nut-shaped and encircles urethra just below bladder |
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Definition
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Term
_ is small, pea-shaped structures with ducts about 2.5cm (1 inch) long leading into urethra lie below prostate gland |
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Definition
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Term
skin-covered pouch suspended from perineal region. It is divided into two compartments and contains testis, epididymis, and lower part of a spermatic cord |
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Definition
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Term
_ and _ muscles elevate the scrotal pouch |
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Definition
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Term
component of male reproductive organ that is composed of thee cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, one of which contain urethra |
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Definition
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Term
_ are fibrous cylinders located in inguinal canals. They enclose seminal ducts, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves |
|
Definition
spermatic cords (internal) |
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Term
male fertility relates to many factors, |
|
Definition
number of sperm size shape motility |
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Term
the stage when high levels of hormones stimulate final stages of development in males |
|
Definition
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|
Term
name at least 2 functions of the female reproductive system. |
|
Definition
1 Produce offspring and thereby ensure continuity of the genetic code 2 it produces eggs, or female gametes, which each may unite with a male gamete to form the first cell of an offspring 3 it also can provide nutrition and protection to the offspring for up to several years after conceptions |
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Term
nodular glands located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes |
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Definition
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Term
_ is called the development of the fetus in a place other than the uterus |
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Definition
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Term
_ is an oocyte released from the ovary |
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Definition
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Term
female accessory organs include the internal genitals which are comprised of the following: (name at least 2) |
|
Definition
uterine tubes uterus vagina |
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Term
name at least 2 functions of the ovaries |
|
Definition
1 ovaries produce ova – the female gametes 2 the ovaries are endocrine organs the secrete the female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone) |
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Term
_ is the process that results in formation of a mature egg |
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Definition
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|
Term
the female sex hormones are _ and _ |
|
Definition
1 estrogens 2 progesterone |
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Term
it is pear-shaped, has two main parts – the cervix and the body. Its wall is composed of three layers – inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and outer, incomplete later of parietal peritoneum |
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Definition
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Term
the _ is the skin covered region between the vaginal orifice and the rectum this area may be torn during childbirth |
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Definition
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Term
to alleviate the tearing of perineum in female during childbirth, this procedure may be performed |
|
Definition
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Term
located in pelvis cavity between urinary bladder and rectum. Its position is altered by age pregnancy, and distention of related pelvis viscera |
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Definition
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|
Term
the blood to the uterus is supplied by uterine _ |
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Definition
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|
Term
_ is a cyclical even that allows the endometrium to renew itself |
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Definition
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Term
_ are also called fallopian tubes, or oviducts |
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Definition
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|
Term
its function is to serve as transport channels for ova and as the site of fertilizations |
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Definition
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|
Term
_ is a mucous membrane that typically forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual girls |
|
Definition
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Term
_ is a tubular organ located between the rectum, the urethra, and the bladder |
|
Definition
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Term
the _ consists of the female external genitals: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice, and greater vestibular glands |
|
Definition
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Term
when ovaries from birth contain oocytes in primary follicles in which the meiotic process has been suspended; at the beginning of menstruation each month, several of the oocytes resume meiosis; meiosis will stop again just before the cell is released during ovulation, this cycle is called _. |
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Definition
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|
Term
menstrual cycle (endometrial cycle) is divided into four phases: |
|
Definition
1 mensus 2 postmenstrual phase 3 ovulation 4 premenstrual phase |
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|
Term
ovarian cycle's primary function is _. |
|
Definition
to produce an ovum at regular intervals |
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Term
Respiratory function includes the following |
|
Definition
external respiration transport of gases by the blood internal respiration regulation of respiration |
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|
Term
external respiration include _ and _. |
|
Definition
pulmonary ventilation (breathing) pulmonary gas exchange |
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|
Term
internal respiration include the following |
|
Definition
systemic tissue gas exchange cellular respiration |
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Term
_ is the process in which air moves into the lungs. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
_ in the process which air moves out of the lungs. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish two gas pressure gradients. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. One in which the pressure within alveoli of lungs is lower that atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration 2. one in which the pressure in the alveoli of lungs is higher that atmospheric pressure to produce expiration |
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Term
pressure gradients are established by changes in size of _ that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles |
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Definition
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|
Term
_ Law states that volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature |
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Definition
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|
Term
contraction of diaphragm produces _ as it contracts, it makes thoracic cavity larger |
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Definition
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|
Term
expansion of thorax results in decreased intrapleural pressure, leading to a decreased _ pressure |
|
Definition
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|
Term
air moves into lungs when alveolar pressure (Palv) drops below _ pressure |
|
Definition
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|
Term
_ is defined as the ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration possible |
|
Definition
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Term
defined as a passive process that beings when inspiratory muscles are relaxed, decreasing size of thorax |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched passively during expiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the amounts of air that moved in and out and remaining and are important to the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
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|
Term
_ is an instrument used to measure volume of air |
|
Definition
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|
Term
_ is the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the largest volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled |
|
Definition
expiratory reserve volume (erv) – (between 1.0 and 1.2 liters is normal erv) |
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|
Term
defined as the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration |
|
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume (irv) (normal irv is 3.3 liters) |
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|
Term
defined as the amount of air that cannot be forcibly exhaled (1.2 liters) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
true or false a person's vital capacity depends on many factors, including the size of the thoracic cavity and posture |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the amount of air at the end of a normal respiration |
|
Definition
functional residual capacity |
|
|
Term
defined as the total amount of air a lung can hold |
|
Definition
total lung capacity - the sum of all four lung volumes |
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|
Term
defined as the volume of inspired air that reaches the alveoli |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the air in passageways that do not participate in gas exchange |
|
Definition
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|
Term
the law that states the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases in directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture law of partial pressures |
|
Definition
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|
Term
exchanges of gases in the lungs takes place between _ and _ flowing through lung capillaries |
|
Definition
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|
Term
four factors determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood |
|
Definition
the oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood the total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane respiratory minute volume alveolar ventilation |
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|
Term
structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air to blood walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross alveolar and capillary surfaces are large blood is distributed though the capillaries in a thin later so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air [NO ANSWER] |
|
Definition
structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air to blood walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross alveolar and capillary surfaces are large blood is distributed though the capillaries in a thin later so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air |
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|
Term
_ increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
oxygen travels in two forms |
|
Definition
as dissolved o2 in plasma associated with hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) |
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|
Term
exchange of gases in tissues takes place between _ flowing through tissue capillaries and cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
defined as the increased pco2 decreases the affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Name 3 functions of the skeletal system |
|
Definition
Support, movement and protection |
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|
Term
Name the classifications of bones |
|
Definition
Long – femur, tibia & fibular, humerus, ulna & radius, and phalanges Flat – cranial bones, sternum, ribs and scapula Short – Wrist and ankle Irregular – Vertebra and some facial bones Sesamoid bones – In the knee - the patella; in distal portions of the metacarpal bones; two on the first metacarpal bone and one on the second. The last one is the pisiform bone of the wrist |
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|
Term
Provide examples of a flat bone |
|
Definition
Skull, the pelvis, sternum, rib cage, and the scapula |
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|
Term
Provide examples of long bones |
|
Definition
Femur, tibia &fibular, humerus, ulna & radius, and phalanges |
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|
Term
Provide examples of short bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Definition: bones shaft or body, the long cylindrical, main portion of the bone |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Definition: Distal and proximal ends of bone |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Vertebra & some facial bones are? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Definition: Region in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Definition: Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation with another bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A though sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not cover by articular cartilage |
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|
Term
A hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Name the components of the extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
25% water, 50% crystallized mineral salts, 25% collagen fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
As bones hardness depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts a bones ____ depends on its collage fibers |
|
Definition
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|
Term
There are four main major types of cells present in bone tissue |
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Definition
Osteogenic cells, Osteoblast, Osteocytes, and Osteoclast |
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|
Term
They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Mature bone cells in the bone tissue maintain its daily metabolism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Bone cells that do not undergo cell division |
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Definition
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|
Term
_________ are huge cells that derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes and are concentrated in the Endosteum |
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Definition
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|
Term
This region of bone may be categorized as _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
80% of the skeleton is ____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Compact bone tissue contains few spaces and is arranged in repeating units called _____or ____ |
|
Definition
Osteons or Haversion system |
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|
Term
Between the lamalle and small space ______ [little lakes] which contain Osteocytes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Compact bone provides protection and support and resist stress produced by ______and ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
The process by which bone form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Within the long bones are two types of bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ carry oxygen and nutrients to the body tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two methods of bone formation |
|
Definition
Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification |
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|
Term
____is the simple of the two methods of bone formation |
|
Definition
Intramembranous ossification |
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|
Term
Site where bone will develop |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Replacement of cartilage of bone is called |
|
Definition
Endochondral ossification |
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|
Term
Bone growth is the length related to the activity of ____ plate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
__ to __ extra cellular matrix decrease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Bone replacement; all the cartilage, leaving a bony structure is called the ___ line |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Define an ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue |
|
Definition
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|
Term
___is a specialized as a branch of dentistry |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____is a disease in which bone becomes fragile |
|
Definition
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|
Term
These broken bones also known as fractures occur typically in the ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Spinal or vertebral FX also have serious consequences |
|
Definition
Loss of height & deformity |
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|
Term
In ___ disease, Osteoclast are more active that Osteoblast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define as any break in a bone |
|
Definition
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|
Term
An incomplete break across the bone |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A complete break across the bone that is broken into two or more pieces |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The Fx bone does not break through the skin |
|
Definition
Closed or simple fracture |
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|
Term
The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A break in you arm just behind your wrist. It is caused by falling forward onto an outstretched arm. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The most Important hormone that regulates calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If a person is bedridden or has a cast the strength of the unstressed bone diminishes T/F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Gymnast have the highest bone density T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ Consist of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones group called girdles |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The axial skeleton includes ___bones |
|
Definition
Skull, ribs, and vertebrae |
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|
Term
How many bones make up the Axial Skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Appendicular skeleton includes which bones |
|
Definition
Shoulder girdle, Arm, Hand, Pelvic girdle, Leg, Foot |
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|
Term
There are 8 groups of cranial bones |
|
Definition
Frontal, (2) temporal, (2) parietal, cranial, ethmoid, Sphenoid |
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|
Term
There are four types of sutures |
|
Definition
Coronal, Sagittal lumbodal, squamos |
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|
Term
There are 14 facial bones |
|
Definition
2 x Inferior Nasal Conchae 2 x Lacrimal Bones 1 x Mandible 2 x Maxillae (pl.); Maxilla (sing.) 2 x Nasal Bones 2 x Palatine Bones 1 x Vomer 2 x Zygomatic Bones |
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|
Term
Number of Cervical Vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Number of Thoracic Vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Number of lumbar vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The abbreviation of vertebrae |
|
Definition
Cervical: C1-C7 Thoracic: T-spine 1-12; T1-T12 Lumbar: L1-L5 |
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|
Term
Compare the cervical bones in size against the others _____vertebrae are the smallest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The vertebrae promine are located in __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An example of a lordotic curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which vertebrae have Kyphotic curvature |
|
Definition
Thoracic and sacral cruves |
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|
Term
Lower back pain is located in ____ and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The true spinal cord ends at ____ where it divides into many different nerve roots that travel to the lower body and legs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
This collection of nerve roots is called ____ which means burse tail |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The ___ is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper/ back pair of the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The ___ are a protective cage around the heart |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Vertebralsternal are ____ ribs |
|
Definition
True 1-7 (Vertebralsternal); costal cartilage articulates directly with sternum False ribs (8-12) - don't articulate directly w/sternum Floating (11-12) - don't articulate w/sternum at all |
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|
Term
Don't attach directly w/sternum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Appendicular skeleton the pectoral girdle bones include _______ bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
False weight bearing bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name six type of synovial joints |
|
Definition
Ball and Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Gliding, Saddle |
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|
Term
The vertebral column (or spine) consists of ___ bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are three types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
Cartilage - this forms cushions between bones Ligaments - these are bands of fibre joining bone to bone and stabilising movement at a joint. Tendons - these attach muscle to bones (or to other muscles) |
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|
Term
There are Three Different Types of Joint |
|
Definition
Fixed or Immovable Joint Slightly Movable Joints Freely Movable Joints |
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|
Term
There are Five Kinds of Joint Movement |
|
Definition
Extension – all joints straight or extended Flexion – knee an elbow joint are flexed Adduction – Adduction at the hip and shoulder girdle a Abduction – abduction at the hip and shoulder girdle *arrow up* Rotation – head rotates at the neck joint |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Posterior part of the shoulder girdle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the science/study of ligaments. |
|
|
Term
There are three types of cartilage |
|
Definition
Fibrocartilage - (found in intervertebral discs) Elastic cartilage (found in the external ear and epiglottis) Hyaline cartilage. Hyaline (or articular) cartilage is the most important cartilage: It serves as the "original" skeleton in the embryo from which bones develop |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|