Term
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Definition
- Water-a medium
- Nutrients-cell building
- Oxygen-oxidation
- Temperature
- Pressure-breathing, etc
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Term
| 3 Main topics of Anatomy & Sub-topics |
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Definition
1 Gross Anatomy-structures visible to the eye
a regional
b systemic-study of all structures within a system
c surface- study of internal structures as they relate to skin
2 Microscopic-structures too small to be seen with naked eye
a cytology-study of individual cells
b histology-study of tissues
3 Developmental Anatomy-study of change in structures over lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| structural changes due to disease |
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Term
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Definition
| study of biological molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of individual cells |
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Term
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Definition
1 function of organ systems
2 often focus on cellular & molecular events |
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Term
| Complementarity of Structure & Function |
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Definition
1 function is dependent on structure
2 form of a structure relates to its function |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms-->molecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organ-->organ system-->organism |
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Term
| Tissue: Definition & 4 Types |
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Definition
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
1 epithelium-covering & lining
2 muscle-movement
3 connective-support & protection
4 nervous-rapid internal communication |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete structure made of at least 2 tissues that performs a specific function--eg stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains balance in body systems using receptors, control center, and effectors. Uses negative feedback to reverse the initial stimuli, and positive feedback to encourage the initial stimuli. Negative feedback is used to regulate body temperature, whereas positive feedback is used for blood clotting and inducing labor. |
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Term
| The 3 Planes for bisecting the body |
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Definition
1 sagittal or median--splits the body into left & right
2 transverse-splits body into superior and inferior
3 frontal or coronal-splits body into anterior and posterior |
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Term
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Definition
1 Axial-head, neck, trunk
2 Appendicular-limbs |
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Term
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Definition
1 Cranial Cavity
2 Vertebral or Spinal Cavity |
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Term
| Ventral Body Cavity Contains |
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Definition
1 Thoracic Cavity
2 Abdominopelvic Cavity |
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Term
| The Thoracic Cavity is within and contains: |
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Definition
| The thoracic cavity is within the ventral cavity and contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum |
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Term
| The Medial Mediastinum is within and contains: |
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Definition
| The Medial Mediastinum is within the thoracic cavity and contains the PERICARDIAL cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| parietal and visceral serous membranes |
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Definition
| Parietal membranes line cavity walls and visceral membranes line the organs. The fluid between the two membranes allows organs to move within their organ walls. |
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Term
| The 9 Regions of the Abdomen |
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Definition
hypochondriac L&R
epigastric
lumbar
umbilical
iliac/inguinal
hypogastric |
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Term
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Definition
1 Chemical-stored in the bonds
2 Electrical-movement of charged particles
3 Mechanical-moving matter
4 Radiant-travels in waves |
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Term
| Elements in Living Things: |
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Definition
1 Oxygen-nec. for ATP production
2 Carbon-main component of all organic molecules
3 Hydrogen-component of all organic molecules
4 Nitrogen-component of proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sum of the masses of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of an atom that have a different number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| heavier unstable isotopes that spontaneously decompose--radioactivity |
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Term
| List the 3 Types of Chemical Bonds |
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Definition
1 Covalent
2 Ionic
3 Hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
atoms share electron
can result in a polar or non-polar molecule (eg h2o polar, ch4 non-polar) |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms donate or accept electrons. the resulting attraction between the cations and anions formed IS an IONIC bond. Most compounds with ionic bonds are salts and crystalize as a solid. |
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Term
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Definition
a weak bond between molecules at points with partial charges
serve as intramolecular bonds, binding different parts of large molecules (like proteins and DNA) together into specific 3D shape |
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Term
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Definition
| whenever bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, usually when particles collide |
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Term
| Synthesis/Combination reactions are the basis of __________ activity in body cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative or __________ processes that occur in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decomposition reaction--food fuels are catabolized to product ATP
oxidation--is loss of electrons
reduction--is gain of electrons |
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Term
| Equation for Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organic Compounds contain _______, and all are _______ bonded. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance that conducts electrical current in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| When 2 or more DIFFERENT types of atoms bind. A molecule of a compound is the smallest unit that still acts like the compound. |
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Term
| Define MIXTURE and list 3 Different Types of Mixtures |
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Definition
physical, not chemical mixture of 2 or more substances
1 solutions-homogeneous
2 colloids-heterogeneous
3 suspensions-heterogeneous-will settle |
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Term
| Salts, Acids, and Bases are all __________; that is they _____ and ________ in h2o and can then __________ ____________. |
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Definition
| electrolytes, ionize, dissociate, conduct electrical current |
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Term
| A Salt is an ________ compound containing ________ other than _______ and anions other than ________. |
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Definition
| ionic, cations, H+, anions, OH- (hydroxyl) |
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Term
| 4 Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions |
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Definition
1 Temp
2 Conentration
3 Particle Size--smaller particles move faster
4 Catalysts |
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Term
| Bases are proton _________ because when dissolved in h2o ________ ions are liberated, which then bind to ______. |
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Definition
| acceptor, hydroxyl oh-, h+ |
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Term
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Definition
| the negative logarithm of the H_ ion concentration in moles per liter. For example a pH of 7 means the [H+] is 10 -7 M. The lower the pH, the more acidic. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| HCl--molecular formula for an acid is easy to recognize bc the H is written first |
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Term
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Definition
| NaOH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), Ammonia (NH3) |
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Term
| 5 Important Properties of Water |
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Definition
1 High heat capacity--absorbs/releases large amounts of heat without changing temp itself
2 High Heat of Vaporization- vaporizing requires large amt of heat so therefore a lot of heat is used up in our bodies to create sweat
3 Polar solvent/hydration layers surrounding & protecting large charged molecules like proteins
4 Reactivity
5 Cushioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water (HCl, sulfuric acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| do not dissociate completely, molecules of the intact acid are in dynamic equilibrium with the dissociated ions. Play important roles in buffer systems. |
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Term
| carbonic acid-bicarbonate system |
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Definition
| carbonic acid dissociates reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons--this equilibrium resists changes in pH in the blood |
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Term
| 4 Organic Compounds for Cells |
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Definition
| proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Term
| Exceptions--molecules with carbon that are NOT organic |
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Definition
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Term
| For the most part, organic molecules are ___________ and their interactions with other molecules typically involve only small reactive parts of their structure called ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates contain _________, _________, and _________ in the ratio of _______. |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 2:1 (like water!) |
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Term
| Monosaccharide ratio ____ :____:____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Disaccharides are formed when ________. |
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Definition
| Two monosaccharides are jointed by dehydration synthesis (water molecule is lost as the bond is made). |
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Term
| Define Polysaccharides and list the two with major importance in the body. |
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Definition
long chains of simple sugars (polymers, chains made up of many similar units).
1 Starch
2 Glycogen (starch in muscles)
3 Cellulose (fiber) |
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Term
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Definition
| an oligosaccharide that is outside the cell membrane & used for communication |
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Term
| Lipids are ______ C, H, O molecules that is insoluble in________, but _______ in _________ and other lipids |
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Definition
| non-polar C, H, O molecule that is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and other lipids |
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Term
| Lipids are _________ in _______ than carbohydrates. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1 Triglycerides
2 Phospholipids
3 Steroids |
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Term
| Non -technical definition of Triglycerides |
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Definition
| fats that store high amounts of energy in adipose cells |
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Term
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Definition
| linear chains of C & H (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acid that contains one or more double bond between C atoms. 1 double bond--monounsaturated, >1 double bond--polyunsaturated. |
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Term
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Definition
| unsaturated fat in which H has been added oppositely to each C in the double bond |
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Term
| Phospholipid is composed of _______ and ________. The phosphate ________ is ________, while the _________ is _________. |
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Definition
| a phosphate and 2 fatty acids. The phosphate head is polar/hydrophilic while the fatty acid tail is non-polar/hydrophobic. |
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Term
| Steroids are the basis for _____ and ______. They are made up of 4 ______. |
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Definition
| cholesterol, hormones, hydrocarbon rings |
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Term
| In cell membranes, ____ ______ allow polar particles to pass thru. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Macromolecules that make up a cell |
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Definition
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 nucleic acids
4 proteins |
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