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Definition
| bilayer of plasma membrane; only another lipid can move through |
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| pure lipid that will not mix with water at the center of the bilayer |
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| made of amino acids (polar) |
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| embedded in bilayer, channel and regulate |
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| outside or inside, closely attached to bilayer. transport substances that are too large to get through bilayer (glucose) |
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| Function of cell membrane |
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Definition
| separation, regulation, receptor sites |
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| Intracellular Cellular Fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
| inside of cell. 80% of water in body |
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| Extracellular Cellular Fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
| around cells. plasma (20%) and interstitial fluid (80%) makes up 20% of water in body |
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Definition
| around cells of blood, 20% of ECF |
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Definition
| 70% of ECF, around cells of organs |
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| Characteristics of a Living Organism |
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Definition
| growth, development, ability to separate itself from its external environment, makes a usable energy source (ATP), reproduce |
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Definition
| random thermal motion of a molecule. Equilibrium (probability of net movement in 0, probability determines direction of movement) |
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| Rate of Diffusion (Fick Equation) |
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Definition
| D= d A (C2-C1)/ X. D= rate at which equilibrium is approached, d= diffusion coefficient determined by nature of molecule and temp, A= area available (large is good), (C2-C1)= concentration gradient, x= distance for diffusion |
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Definition
| determined by thickness of lipid barrier |
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Definition
| diffusion through pores, opposite direction. concentration decided by amount of solid in a fluid |
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Definition
| total number of polar molecules inside cell. normal is 300 m os. more water = lower os. less water= greater os. |
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| isotonic extracellular solution |
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Definition
| equal osmolarity. controlled by negative feedback (drink water, urinate) |
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| hypertonic extracellular solution |
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Definition
| solution has higher osmolarity, cells shrink |
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| hypotonic extracellular solution |
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Definition
| solution with lower osmolarity, causes cells to swell and burst |
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Definition
| works against concentration gradient, performs work with ATP |
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Definition
| attaches on both sides of membrane |
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Definition
| pinches off and creates vesicle. "cell drinking" changes shape |
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| take bacteria or organism in that want to destroy. "cell eating" |
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Definition
| opposite direction, packages protein in lipid layer, breaks up and secretes into extracellular fluid |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| lipid membrane that holds proteins. cannot see enzymes, fat synthesis |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| lipid membrane, holds proteins. has ribosomes, read messenger RNA |
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Definition
| makes packaging for exporting (exoctytosis) creates bilipid membrane |
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| digestive enzymes to breakdown and reuse carbs, fats and proteins. attached to engulfed vesicle and diigest enzyme in phagosome |
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Definition
| lipid membrane with enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation and contains DNA |
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| holds things in place, transport system, change shape and allows cells to move |
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| attachment for genetic material to move |
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Definition
| projects from cell, increases surface area |
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Definition
| in sperm, allows cell to move |
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Definition
| thinnest, individual myosin molecules |
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| molecules braided together to form filament |
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| movement of skeletal muscle |
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| wrap up what cells wants to get rid of (waste product) |
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Definition
| surrounded by DNA, site of ribosomes |
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Definition
| protein synthesis (RNA) and reproduction (DNA) |
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| nucleotides or base pairs |
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Definition
| 3 billion, molecules which hold structure of RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| 30,000 code for structure of proteins |
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Definition
| 46 in pairs (diploid). form for protein synthesis. unwound strings of genetic material. one set from mom and dad (allels) |
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Term
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Definition
| 92 (duplicated chromatin) form in reproduction. |
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Definition
| condensed joined chromatid sisters. 46 in 23 pairs. autosomal and one sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| interphase (synthesis of DNA), mitosis, cytokinesis, gamtogenesis, control of cell division |
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| interphase (synthesis of DNA) |
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Definition
| 46 chromatin replicated to form 92 chromatid, centromere joins together identical chromatid to form 46 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| division of chromosomes in nucleous which creates two nuclei. chentrioles (genetic info is transferred) attaches to spindles. chentromere attaches to spindles and division of 2 identical chromotid in each chromosome |
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| same kind of info, 2 alleles |
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| division of cytoplasm (support) |
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Definition
| formation of haploid ovum and sperm, covered in reproduction |
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| external control of cell division |
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Definition
| endocrine (causes cell to create protein and to divide) paracrine (chemical produced by adjacent cells, promotes or inhibits reproduction) |
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| Self control of cell division |
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Definition
| surface area and volume increase signaling reproduction, proto oncogens (normal genes that make proteins which stimulate cell division), antitumor genes (limit division, produce proteins), telomeres (genetic programming) |
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Definition
| genetic programming for cell division, get shorter as you get older |
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Definition
| introns and exons. synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA to make mRNA |
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Definition
| process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription |
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| codes for a particular protein, but may have different recipes |
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| cell differentiation or specialization |
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| genetic info codes for proteins which determines structure and function, all cells in body (except ovum and sperm) have exactaly same genetic info |
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| control of cell differentiation |
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Definition
| poorly understood, in embryo, gene expression and differentiation in part controlled by placement of cell in body |
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| differentiation and mitosis |
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Definition
| 200 cell types because of differentiation. selected genes -> different proteins -> different cell types |
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Definition
| more plastic but not as plastic as embryonic. 90% committed to blood cells. |
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Definition
| chemical which is a message from one cell to another, affects activity of a cell. |
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| Effects of ligand receptor interaction |
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Definition
| effect of ligand determined by receptor, ligand acts as switch to increase or decrease a pre existing activity of the receptor cell |
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Definition
| dose increases, response increases until saturation |
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Definition
| when all receptors are filled. cannot increase response anymore |
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Definition
| occupies space, prevents ligand from interacting, doesn't turn switch on |
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Definition
| acts like ligand, more of response because have this and ligand |
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Definition
| doesn't produce as many receptors, changes saturation point. lowers it, decreases number of receptor sites |
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Definition
| increase number of receptor sites, increase saturation point |
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| Fixed cell membrane receptors |
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Definition
| water soluble ligands. 3 steps: ligand interacts, 2nd messenger, changes rate of existing reaction |
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Term
| how ligand receptor interaction causes change |
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Definition
| open or close membrane pores, change intracellular C-AMP and C-GMP, increase intraceullar Calcium, timing of effect (work fast, short lived) |
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Definition
| fat-soluble (hormones, steroids) moves through receptors in nucleus. take longer to work |
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