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| studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another |
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| concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities |
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| the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys |
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| all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are studied at the same time |
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| body structure is studied system by system. i.e., when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body |
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| considers the cells of the body |
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| levels of structural organization |
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| atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism |
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| the simplest level of structural hierarchy |
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| the smallest unit of living things |
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| groups of similar cells that have a common function |
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| a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function in the body |
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| organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
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| maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
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| an organism's internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it |
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| all the activities promoted by the muscular system |
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| or irritability, is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them |
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| the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood |
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| breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP |
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| breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks |
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| synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler structures |
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| the process of removing waste from the body |
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| an increase in the size of a body part of an organism, but increasing the number of cells |
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| forms external body covering for protection. synthesizes vitamin d for calcium absorption |
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| protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, bones store minerals |
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| maintains posture, and produces heat |
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| responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (coordinates with endocrine system) |
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| glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (coordinates with nervous system) |
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| glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (coordinates with nervous system) |
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| blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. the heart pumps blood |
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| (immunity) picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. houses white blood cells |
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| keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2 |
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breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
(complex ---> simple) |
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| eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood |
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| production of offspring; testes produce sperm and sex hormones, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract |
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| female reproductive system |
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| ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands produce milk. |
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| nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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| the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continously |
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| some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information to the control center |
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| the pathway information uses to get from the receptor to the control center |
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| (brain) determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained |
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| the pathway information uses to flow from the control center the the effector |
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| (muscles/glands) provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus |
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| negative feedback mechanisms |
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| (most homeostatic control mechanisms) the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity |
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| important in maintaining homeostasis |
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| positive feedback mechanisms |
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| the result enhances the original stimulus to that the response is accelerated. (labor contractions and blood clotting) |
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| a hypothalamic hormone, intensifies labor contractions during the birth of a baby |
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| (cranial) toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
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| (caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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| (caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
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| (anterior)toward or at the frot of the body; in front of |
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| (posterior) toward or at the back of the body; behind |
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| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
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| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
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| between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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| closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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| (external) toward or at the body surface |
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| (internal) away from the body surface; more internal |
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| between fingers and wrist |
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| calf bone, lateral part of the leg |
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| between anus and genitalia |
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| the body is erect with feel slightly apart, and palms face forward, thumbs point away from body |
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| vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
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| vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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| vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
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| vertical planes that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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| transverse/horizontal plane |
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| runs right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
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| protects the nervous system organs |
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| (part of dorsal cavity) encases the brain |
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more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) |
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| contains heart and lungs, surrounded by ribs and chest muscles |
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| (thoracic cavity) each envelops a lung |
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| (thoracic cavity), holds the pericardial cavity |
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| encloses the heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea) |
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abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver)
pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum) |
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| separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity |
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| covers ventral body cavity. the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa. it folds on itself to form the visceral serosa covering the organs in the cavity. |
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| lubricating fluid, separating the serous membrane |
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| inflamation of the pleurae (lack of serous fluid) |
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| inflammation of the peritonea (lack of serous fluid) |
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| the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval)(small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine) |
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| located superior to the umbilical region (stomach) |
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| located inferior to the pubic region (urinary bladder) |
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| right and left iliac, or inguinal regions |
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| located lateral to the hypogastric region (left: initial part of sigmoid colon)(right: cecum, appendix) |
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| right and left lumbar regions |
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| lie lateral to the umbilical region (left: descending colon of large intestine)(right: ascending colon of large intestine) |
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| right and left hypochondriac regions |
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| lie lateral to the epigastric region (left: diaphragm)(right: liver, gallbladder) |
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| (mouth) contains teeth and tongue |
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| part of the oral cavity; opens to the exterior at the anus |
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| part of the oral cavity; opens to the exterior at the anus |
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| part of the respiratory system passageways |
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| contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears |
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