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| Stores Information, Decides on response. |
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| Stimulates effectors, (nerves, muscles, glands) |
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Definition
| Study of the nervous system |
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Definition
| Brain and Spinal cord (Central Nervous System |
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Definition
| All other nerves (Peripheral Nervous System) |
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| Of the ANS. (Craniosacral) (Calms you down) |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Part of ANS. (Fight or Flight) |
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Definition
| ENS, part of ANS. (GI tract) |
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Definition
| Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and enteric. |
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Definition
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves. |
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Definition
| Exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors, interocepters. |
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Definition
| Decisions, Reflex arc, Higher Brain Centers. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Axon Hillock -> initial segment |
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Definition
| Many dendrites and one neuron. |
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Definition
| Most efferent neurons, most neurons in brain and spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Special sense organs, retina. |
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Definition
| Axon and dendrites fuse into 1 process that divides into 2 branches. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Has mitotic potential. 5-50x more than neurons. Many types. |
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Definition
| Type of Neuroglia, star shaped, protoplasmic (gray), and fibrous (white), most numerous. |
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Term
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Definition
Neuron support
Link neurons to blood vessels
Blood-brain barrier
Neurotransmitter metabolism
Regulate K balance (important for generation of action potentials)
Regulate neuron migration |
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Definition
| Type of Neuroglia. Produces myelin for CNS neurons from between neurons. |
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Definition
| Type of Neuroglia, derived from WBC, phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| Type of Neuroglia, single layer epithelium, produces and assists in the circulation of CSF. |
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Definition
| Flat cells that produce PNS myelin 1-1 ratio to axons. |
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Definition
| Flat and around ganglion. Supports PNS ganglia. |
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Definition
| Inside of brain, outside of spinal cord. Fast impulse. Myelinated. |
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Definition
| Inside Spine, outside of brain. Slow impulse, unmyelenated. |
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Definition
| Outside = Positive, inside = negative. |
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Definition
| allow Ions across the cell membrane. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Voltage, Ligand, and Mechanical. |
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Term
| Voltage Gated Ion Channel |
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Definition
| Electric Change opens channel. |
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Definition
| Chemical stimulus opens channel. |
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Term
| Mechanical Gated Ion Channel |
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Definition
| Mechanical stimulus causes gate to open. |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
ions distributed unevenly
ECF = Na+, Cl- (net positive charge)
ICF = K+, phosphates, amino acids (net negative charge)
membrane permeability
moderate to K
low to Na
mV (1/1000 Volt)
Typical value = -70 mV
Polarization
net + outside
net – inside
maintained by Na/K pump
3 Na out and 2 K in |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Alphabetical, largest -> smallest, Myelinated, myelinated, un, fastest to slowest. |
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Definition
Cell -> Cell junctions.
Found in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, developing embryo, CNS
Rapid, synchronous
Can be two-way communication |
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Term
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Definition
No cell-cell touch. 1 way comm. Excitatory or inhibitory modification
Locations
most neuron-neuron, neuron-skeletal muscle, neuron-gland junctions |
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Term
| Action vs. Graded Potentials |
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Definition
A = Propagate, Long Distance, All or none, refractory
G = Not Prop, local, Graded Amplitude, no refractory |
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Term
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Definition
| ACh, Amino Acids, Biogenic amines, Nitric Oxide, Neuropeptides, |
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Term
| How Drugs modify neurotransmission. |
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Definition
Affect neurotransmitter production
Affect release of neurotransmitter
Activate or block neurotransmitter receptor site
Affect neurotransmitter removal |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray Matter (Process reflexes, Mediate reactions to stimuli) White Matter (Conduction path for motor and sensory Neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 protective tissue coverings. |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid; circulates in subarachnoid space and in ventricles of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
Layers and spaces (superficial deep):
Epidural space
Dura mater (outer layer)
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater (inner layer)-denticulate ligaments
Meningitis: inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
neuron somas: nuclei
dendrites
neuroglia
unmyelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons
form ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber tracts |
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Term
| Spinal nerves (distribution) |
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Definition
| 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds individual fibers |
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Definition
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Definition
| Surrounds entire nerve, Fuses with Dura Mater |
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Definition
| Networks of branched spinal nerves concentrated in one area. |
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Term
| Anterior and Lateral spinothalamic tracts |
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Definition
| Pain, Temp, Crude Touch, Deep Pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
proprioception
discriminative touch
two-point touch
pressure
vibration |
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Term
| Ascending Spinal Cord Tracts |
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Definition
| Anterior and lateral Spinothalamic Tracts, Posterior Column. |
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Term
| Descending Spinal cord tracts |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Direct Descending Spinal cord tracts |
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Definition
Motor, lateral and anterior corticospinal
corticobulbar
control precise voluntary movement |
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Term
| Indirect Spinal cord tracts: Descending |
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Definition
Motor, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
control automatic movements
coordination
muscle tone
posture
balance |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center (monosynaptic or polysynaptic)
Motor neuron
Effector |
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Term
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Definition
Stretch: ipsilateral, maintain tone and coordination
Tendon: ipsilateral, cause muscle relaxation when force is too large
Flexor (withdrawal): ipsilateral, protect from pain
Crossed extensor: contralateral, maintain balance (extension/flexion opposites) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Great toe extends (children) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Protective Coverings of the Brain |
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Definition
| Cranial Bones, Cranial Meningies, CSF, Blood, Neuroglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertebral/carotid = to brain, jugular = from |
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Term
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Definition
| Astrocytes, capillary endothelium (tight junctions), continuous basement membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
quick passage: water, gases, lipid-soluble
slow passage: ions, urea, creatine
do not pass: proteins, antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| astrocytes: selective transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumventricular organs. Where HIV enters brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricle walls, produces CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| water, glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, ions, lymphocytes |
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Term
| Medulla Oblongata (white matter) |
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Definition
Ascending and descending tracts to spinal cord and rest of brain
Most axons decussate (cross over)
Pyramids: anterior side, motor tracts, link cortex to spinal cord and control skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Medulla Oblongata (Gray Matter) |
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Definition
Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus: sensory relay to contralateral thalamus
Vital function nuclei: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor (BP)
Nonvital functions: swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccuping
Nuclei for cranial nerves VIII-XII Olive: lateral surface
inferior portion: precise movement
accessory portion: equilibrium, posture, balance
Vestibular nuclei: equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| White matter that runs throughout the brainstem, Fiber tracts, Relays sensory information from medulla oblongata through the pons and midbrain up to the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
Fiber tracts: transverse: connect right and left cerebellum via peduncles
longitudinal: spinal cord to upper brain stem
Nuclei: cranial nerves V-VII, part of VIII
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: breathing |
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Term
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Definition
Fiber tracts
cerebral peduncles (connect right and left cerebral hemispheres) and to spinal cord
cerebellar peduncles: connect midbrain to cerebellum
tectum
superior colliculi: reflex movement to visual stimuli
inferior colliculi: reflex movement to sounds
substantia nigra: subconscious muscle activity
red nuclei: coordinate muscle movement
cranial nerves III and IV |
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Term
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Definition
Clusters of gray matter
Dispersed through brain stem
Muscle tone = slight contraction in normal resting muscles
RAS (reticular activating system) maintains consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Inferior to occipital cerebral lobes
Posterior to brain stem
Coordination (physical) and balance |
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Term
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Definition
2 hemispheres
right and left
each has anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes
1 central vermis
Layers
cerebellar cortex: folia (gray matter)
white matter: arbor vitae
nuclei
Peduncles
3 pairs attach to brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
Relate actual to intended movement
Adjust via motor neuron feedback to other parts of brain
Coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
Posture, balance |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous with brain stem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland, habenular nuclei)
Integration, relay centers |
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Term
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Definition
Surrounds 3rd ventricle
Mostly gray, some white matter
Relays sensory information to cerebral cortex (not olfaction)
hearing via medial geniculate nuclei
vision via lateral geniculate nuclei
taste and general senses via ventral posterior nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
Relays motor impulses
voluntary: ventral lateral nuclei
involuntary: ventral anterior nuclei
Conscious recognition of
pain
temperature
some awareness of light touch and pressure
Cognition or thinking (plays a central role)
Emotions
anterior nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Located inferiorly to thalamus
Mammillary bodies: olfaction relay
Infundibulum: connects to pituitary gland
Median eminence: synthesis of several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on pituitary
Supraoptic region: produce ADH and OT
Preoptic region: regulates some autonomic functions |
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Term
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Definition
Major homeostatic regulator (integrate heart rate, respiratory rate, BP)
Emotions: rage, aggression
Behavior
Eating (feeding center, satiety center)
Drinking (thirst center)
Body temperature
Circadian rhythms
Consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Pineal gland
part of epithalamus, superior to thalamus
secretes melatonin: circadian cycles with hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
Inferior to thalamus
Tracts and nuclei connect to motor areas of cerebrum
Assist in body movement |
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Term
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Definition
Largest part of brain
Covers diencephalon
Right and left hemispheres
Thinking, memory, learning
Outer gray matter = cortex (billions of neurons)
Inner white matter = fiber tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Insula: deep, cannot be seen in external view
Occipital
Markings
gyri: wrinkled, raised
sulci: shallow groove
fissure: deep groove |
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Term
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Definition
Association tracts: connect axons ipsilaterally (same side)
Commissural tracts: connect axons contralaterally (opposite side)
Projection tracts: connect axons from cerebrum to other parts of brain |
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Term
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Definition
Three masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere
Help control muscle movements |
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Term
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Definition
Found on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
Controls emotionally derived behavior = “emotional” brain
pain, pleasure, anger, fear, sorrow, sexuality
Controls memory
hippocampus (along with cerebrum) |
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Term
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Definition
Deal with sensory input
Primary somatosensory area: proprioception, pain, temperature, itching, tickling
Primary visual area
Primary auditory area
Primary gustatory area
Primary olfactory area |
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Term
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Definition
Deal with motor responses
Primary motor area
Broca’s speech area |
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Term
| Cerebrum Association Areas |
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Definition
Somatosensory association area
Frontal association area: memory, emotion, reasoning, will, judgment, personality, intelligence
Visual association area
Auditory association area
Wernicke’s area: translates words into thoughts
Common integrative area: relays information about many senses to appropriate part of cerebrum
Premotor area: sequential learned motor activities
Frontal eye field area: reading movements |
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Term
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Definition
Left
right hand control
language
math
science |
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Term
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Definition
Right
left hand control
music
art
spatial patterns
insight, imagination
mental images of special senses |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha waves
8-13 Hz
awake and resting with eyes closed
disappear during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Beta waves
14-30 Hz
during sensory input and mental activity |
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Term
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Definition
Theta waves
4-7 Hz
emotional stress
many brain disorders |
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Term
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Definition
1-5 Hz
deep sleep in adults
awake infants
if in awake adult, brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs, named based on distribution and attachment to brain
I and II are sensory nerves (no motor axons)
III – XII are mixed nerves |
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Term
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Definition
O: Olfactory Nerve
O: Optic Nerve
O: Oculomotor Nerve
TO: Trochlear
TOUCH: Trigeminal
AND: Abducens
FEEL: Facial
VERY: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
GREEN: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
VEGETABLES: Vagus Nerve
AND: Accessory Nerve
HOW: Hypoglosseal Nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Olfactory nerve
Sensory only: smell
Disorder: anosmia (lack of sense of smell) |
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Term
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Definition
Optic nerve
Sensory only: vision
Disorder: anopia (lack of sight) |
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Term
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Definition
Oculomotor nerve
Mixed (mainly motor)
Eyeball proprioceptors
Extrinsic eye muscles, eyelid, ciliary muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Trochlear nerve
Mixed (mainly motor)
Proprioception
Movement of eyeball
Disorders: diplopia (double vision), strabismus |
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Term
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Definition
Trigeminal nerve
Mixed
Chewing
Proprioception, touch, pain, temperature (around eyes, palate and throat, front 2/3 tongue, skin of anterior part of ear) |
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Term
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Definition
Abducens nerve
Mixed
Extrinsic eye motor
Proprioception of eyeball
Disorder: strabismus |
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Term
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Definition
Facial nerve
Mixed
Muscles of scalp, face, neck, salivary glands, tear glands
Sensory: above plus front 2/3 tongue
Disorder: Bell’s palsy |
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Term
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Definition
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Mixed (mainly sensory): hearing, equilibrium
Disorders: tinnitus, deafness, vertigo, ataxia (muscle uncoordination), nystagmus |
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Term
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Mixed
Motor: secrete saliva
Sensory: posterior 1/3 tongue
Disorders: difficulty swallowing, reduced saliva, loss of taste |
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Term
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Definition
Vagus nerve
Mixed
Motor: heart, bronchial passages, GI tract, gallbladder: visceral movement
Sensory: visceral sensation, proprioception
Vocal cord paralysis, difficulty swallowing
Carotid massage and strain on defecation (slows heart rate) |
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Term
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Definition
Accessory nerve
Mixed
Motor: swallowing and head movements
Sensory: proprioception
Disorders: inability to raise shoulders, turn head |
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Term
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Definition
Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed
Motor: tongue muscles, speech swallowing
Sensory: tongue proprioceptors
Tongue points to damaged side
Disorders: difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced blood supply (most common) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary cerebral dysfunction
Poor circulation (blood clots, atherosclerosis, blood disorders) |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual more than language, Left side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of recognition of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of purposeful movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal attention span and cognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive loss of Intellectual abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| local anesthesia given that leads to loss of sensation |
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Definition
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