Term
| __________ are specialized extensions of the nervous system, and upon appropriate stimulation can generate impulses that re sent to the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ occurs when impulses are sent to the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is when impulses sent to the CNS are interpreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? All sensation results in conscious perception. |
|
Definition
| False; it does not result in conscious perception |
|
|
Term
| T or F? Only impulses routed to the cerebral cortex result in conscious perception. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 classification of senses. |
|
Definition
1. Classified on the basis of localization
2. Classified on the basis of location within the body |
|
|
Term
| Which senses are classified on the basis of localization? (2) |
|
Definition
1. General senses
2. Special senses |
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors are widespread in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ receptors are localized in specific sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 examples of general senses |
|
Definition
1. Touch
2. Temperature
3. Pain |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 examples of special senses |
|
Definition
1. Smell
2. Hearing
3. Seeing
4. Taste
5. Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What type of senses are classified on the basis of location within the body? |
|
Definition
1. somatic senses
2. visceral senses |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 examples of somatic senses |
|
Definition
1. vision
2. hearing
3. external touch |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 examples of visceral senses |
|
Definition
1. Internal pain
2. Hunger
3. Nausea |
|
|
Term
| What 2 criteria do we classify sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
1. On the basis of location and source (type) of stimulus they respond to.
2. On the basis of adaptation potential |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 categories of sensory receptors based on location and source of stimulus that they respond to? |
|
Definition
1. Exterorecptors
2. Enterorecptors
3. Proproreceptors |
|
|
Term
| _______ are located near the body surface and respond to external stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 examples of exteroreceptors |
|
Definition
1. Sight
2. Hearing
3. External touch
4. Temperature |
|
|
Term
| _________ are located in visceral organs and respond to internal stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 examples of enterorecptors |
|
Definition
1. Internal pain
2. Hunger
3. Nausea |
|
|
Term
| _________ are located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear. Responds to changes in position of body parts in 3-D space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a change in receptor firing rate with continual stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 categories of receptors with respect to adaptation potential? |
|
Definition
1. Tonic receptors
2. Phasic receptors |
|
|
Term
| ________ maintain a relatively constant firing rate regardless of the stimulus duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a tonic receptor? |
|
Definition
| photo receptors of the retina |
|
|
Term
| _________ firing rates gradually decreases over time with continual stimulation. (fires less and less the longer the stimulus lasts) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 examples of phasic receptors |
|
Definition
1. touch receptors
2. temperature receptors |
|
|
Term
| ________ states that each type of receptor has a specific stimulus that normally excites it. |
|
Definition
| Law of specific nerve energies |
|
|
Term
| T or F? When a sensory receptor is stimulated, by whatever means, this causes a local hypopolarization of the recepor membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of hypopolarization depends on the ________. |
|
Definition
| intensity of the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 types of summation receptor potentials. |
|
Definition
1. temporal summation
2. spatial summation |
|
|
Term
| _________ is when several stimuli are delivered at one receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is when stimuli are delivered at several receptors relatively simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Receptor potentials can summate but the action potential is all or none. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are located in the dermal papillae in hairless areas of the skin. Consists of dendrites within a thin connective tissue sheath. Responds to very light touch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is deep in the dermis and also in skeletal muscles, joint capsules, and some visceral organs. Consists of dendrites within a multi layer connective tissue sheath. Responds to heavy pressure or vibration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are bare dendrites that are the most superficial touch receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ have free nerve endings and also have separate receptors for cold and heat. |
|
Definition
| temperature receptors (thermoreceptors) |
|
|
Term
| Heat receptors are most sensitive above _____ degrees centigrade. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cold receptors are most sensitive below ___ degrees centigrade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are principally free nerve endings in which chemicals released by damaged tissues trigger pain stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Only some cutaneous receptors will respond to pain stimuli that are excessive. |
|
Definition
| False; all cutaneous receptors |
|
|
Term
| _________= a lessening in perception of a sensation over time due to sensory adaptation by phasic receptors and stimulus filtering by the cerebral cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Most cutaneous receptors show accommodation but not pain receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ = pain originating in a visceral organ but perceived to originate in an area of the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ provide information on body movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are located in the joint capsule of synovial joints and respond to movement of joints |
|
Definition
| joint kinesthetic receptors |
|
|
Term
| _______ consist of dendrites wound around a skeletal muscle fiber and respond to stretching of the fiber. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are located where a muscle and tendon join. Responds to tension in the tendon |
|
Definition
| neurotendonis receptor (A golgi tendon organ) |
|
|
Term
| _________ are modified cilia projecting from dendrites of olfactory cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ project between cells of the olfactory epithelium at the tops of the nasal cavities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have a few dozen different types of these but by firing these in different combinations you can distinguish thousands of different scents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? The olfactory hairs are constantly lost as the epithelial codes and must regrow; thus, the olfactory nerve is the only nerve in the body that grows continuously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are similar to olfactory receptors in that they are also modified cilia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the modified cilia of taste receptors called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of papillae of the tongue? |
|
Definition
1. Circumvallate
2. Filaform
3. Fungiform |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary layers of the eye? |
|
Definition
1. fibrous tunic
2. vascular tunic
3. retina |
|
|
Term
| The ______ of the eye consists of sclera and the cornea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ of the eye consists of a choroid, cilliary body which suspends the lens in the eye and the iris. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ nourishes the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the size of the pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 layers of the retina. |
|
Definition
1. Pigmented layer
2. Photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| ________= clouding of the lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ can be due to trauma, excessive UV exposure, medications, uncontrolled diabetes, and/or age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ results in a loss of visual acuity, decreased color perception, night blindness, halos around bright lights |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Removing the lens and replacing it with a prosthetic lens implant is an option for a person diagnosed with _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ results from either excessive reduction or inadequate drainage of aqueous humor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased pressure within the eye causes _______, which results in gradual loss of vision, initially the peripheral field because of the photoreceptors are less dense there and progressing toward the central field. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is age related hardening of the lens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you treat presbyopia? |
|
Definition
| Get a pair of reading glasses |
|
|
Term
| Which visual problem usually becomes apparent at approximately 40 years and reduces the ability for close focus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles? |
|
Definition
1. superior rectus
2. medial rectus
3. inferior rectus
4. inferior oblique
5. superior oblique
6. lateral rectus |
|
|
Term
| Which 4 extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by the occulomotor nerve? |
|
Definition
1. superior rectus
2. medial rectus
3. inferior rectus
4. inferior oblique |
|
|
Term
| Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 basic types of photoreceptors in the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many rods are in each eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods or cones?... their acuity is poor. Don't form a very sharp image but they detect motion well and function better in dim light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cones are in each eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods or cones?... form a color image and are most concentrated in the center of the retina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deficit in one or another of the cone types due to genetic mutation produces the various types of _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mechanism for generation of visual impulses is best understood for ? rods or cones?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? There is total decussation of the optic nerves at the optic chiasm behind the eyes. |
|
Definition
| False; there is partial decussation |
|
|
Term
| Fibers from the _______ side of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organ of hearing and equilibrium is the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ consists of the auricle (pinna). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ separates the outer and middle ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The skin lining the ear canal contains ________ which secrete cerum to lubricate the tympanic membrane and prevent drying and cracking and also repels insects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is an air filled chamber that contains the auditory ossicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle ear chamber connects with the nasopharynx via the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle attaches to the malleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle attaches to the stapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 openings connect the middle and inner ear? |
|
Definition
1. finestra vestibuli
2. finestra cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the finestra vestibuli?... the finestra cochlea? |
|
Definition
finestra vestibuli= oval window
finestra cochlea= round window |
|
|
Term
| What is the finestra vestibuli covered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the finestra cochlea covered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ or _________ is a maze of channels within the petrus part of the temporal bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid- filled space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fluid-filled organs of the membranous labyrinth called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 distinct areas of the inner ear/labyrinth. |
|
Definition
1. semicircular canals
2. vestibule
3. cochlea |
|
|
Term
| Which inner ear area has receptors for rotational acceleration of the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a membranous labyrinth that consists of the saccule and utricle. These have receptors for linear acceleration and elevation/depression of the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the oval and round windows located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ is a membranous labyrinth that contains the cochlear duct. Has receptors for hearing (on the organ of corti) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are compression waves produced by vibrating or moving objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ propagate in a medium (solid, liquid, gas). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? The denser the medium the further sound waves will travel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 properties characterize sound waves? |
|
Definition
1. wavelength
2. amplitude |
|
|
Term
| Do humans hear a relatively wide or narrow frequency of sounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the range of sounds that humans can hear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the human threshold of hearing, by definition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vibration of the _____ in the oval window causes vibrations in the fluid within the inner ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 ducts of the cochlea. |
|
Definition
1. scala vestibuli
2. scala tympani
3. cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| Which duct of the cochlea has the oval window at its base and is filled with perilymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which duct of the cochlea has the round window at its base and is also filled with perilymph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 ducts of the cochlea connect at the tip of the cochlea through the helicotrema? |
|
Definition
1. scala tympani
2. scala vestibuli |
|
|
Term
| Which duct of the cochlea is the membranous labyrinth that is filled with endolymph and also contains the organ of corti with hearing receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? Different regions of the cochlea respond to the same frequencies. |
|
Definition
| False; different regions of the cochlea respond to different frequencies |
|
|
Term
| What 2 sites contain the receptors for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
1. sacrale and utricle
2. ampullae of the semi-circular ducts |
|
|
Term
| The ______ receptor for equilibrium has receptors for linear acceleration and elevators/depressors of the head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ receptor for equilibrium has receptors for rotational acceleration of the head |
|
Definition
| ampullae of the semi- circular ducts |
|
|
Term
| Sensory "hairs" are modified _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms of the body are either _______ or ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the function of the endocrine system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The regulators provided by the endocrine system are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 chemical classes of hormones. |
|
Definition
1. steroids
2. amino acid derivatives
3. Polypeptides
4. Glycoproteins
5. Prostoglandins |
|
|
Term
| _______ are derivates of cholesterol; are non polar; hydrophobic Can't be carried free in blood so they need carrier proteins for transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are short protiens that you can't take PO. examples are insulin, HGH, ADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are proteins + carbohydrates. Ex. TSH, FSH, CH. cannot take PO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are fatty acid derivatives with hormone- like effects; especially on smooth muscle. Ex. thromboxane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a hormone precursor is converted to active form before secretion within the gland and the active form is secreted then the precursor is a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The active form of a hormone is often derived from a loss of a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a hormone precursor is secreted and converted to active form after secretion, the precursor is a _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an example of a prehormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are prehormones normally found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are PROhormones normally found in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ typically have a specific, rather short, half life in the circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key property of hormone action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name an example of a hormone that is concentration dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 kinds of effects can hormone interactions have? |
|
Definition
1. Permissive effects
2. Syneristic effects
3. Antagonistic effects |
|
|
Term
| This effect of hormone interaction is when the action of one hormone promotes the action of another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This effect of hormone interaction involves the action of 2 or more hormones is necessary to produce a particular response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a syneristic effect of hormone interactions? |
|
Definition
| Both FSH and testosterone is necessary for normal sperm production in males |
|
|
Term
| What effect of hormone interactions involves the action of one hormone counteracts the action of another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an antagonistic effect of hormone interactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 sites for all hormone receptors. |
|
Definition
1. On the cell membrane
2. In the cytoplasm
3. In the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| T or F? The mode of action of a hormone differs depending on receptor location. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________&________ hormones are similar in that both are non polar, hydrophobic, require carrier proteins for transportation in blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ bind to a cytoplasmic receptor protein within the cell, and the receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to acceptor sites on the chromosome which activates specific genes and alters the cells metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones with membrane receptors include _________, _________, &_________. |
|
Definition
| catecholamines, polypeptides, & glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Typically, _______ do not enter the target cell at all. |
|
Definition
| hormones with membrane receptors |
|
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