Term
| identify the chambers of the heart, name the great vessels that connect to each chamber, and trace blood flow through these structures, naming pulmonary and systemic circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| name, locate, and explain the function of the 4 heart valves |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the function of the conduction system of the heart and its parts. trace the path of an action potential over its parts |
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Definition
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Term
| define systole & diastole. |
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Definition
systole- in the cardiac cycle, the phase of constaction of the heart muscle, especially of the ventricles
diastole- in the cardiac cycle, the phase of relaxation of the heart msucle, especially of the ventricles |
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Term
| explain when, in the cardiac cycle, atrial and ventricular systole and diastole occur, and where blood flows during each stage. |
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Definition
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Term
| explain when the 1st and 2nd heart sounds occur and what causes each sound |
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Definition
sound 1= lub= AV closing
sound 2= dupp= SL closing
p. 12 mod 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute. SV x HR |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of heartbeats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of its relatation period. |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| the fraction of the end-diastolic volume (EDV) that is ejected during an average heartbeat. Equal to stroke volume (SV) divided by EDV |
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Term
| explain how cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, EVD, ESV, & ejection fraction are related |
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Definition
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Term
| define mean arterial blood pressure |
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Definition
| the average blood pressure in arteries, roughly 1/3 of the way between the diastolic and systolic pressure (MAP=diastolic BP+ 1/3(systolic BP-diastolic BP) |
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Term
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Definition
| top #. the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction; the highest pressure measures in the large arteries, about 120 mmHg under normal conditions for a young adult |
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Term
| define diastolic pressure |
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Definition
| bottom #. the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation; the lowest blood pressure measured in the large arteries, normally about 80 mmHg in a young adult |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. |
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Term
| describe the pressure gradients that determine fluid flow across capillary walls |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the factors that determine blood pressure, and how the baroreceptor reflex regulates blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| state the major site of hematopoiesis in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| list the three main types of blood cells and the major function of each |
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Definition
red blood cells-
white blood cells- |
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Term
| function of B-cells in the immune response |
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Definition
| processes and presents antigen to helper T-cells, differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell |
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Term
| function of cytotoxic t-cells in the immune response |
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Definition
| kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channgels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increses their phagocytic activity, and macrophage migration inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection |
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Term
| function of helper t-cells in the immune response |
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Definition
| cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells. May secrete gamma-IFN and tumor necrosis facor (TNF), which stimulate inflammatory response |
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Term
| function of memory cells in the immune response |
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Definition
| remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigens, even years after the first encounter |
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Term
| function of antibodies in the immune response |
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Definition
| they act to disable antigens by: neutralizing antigen, immobilizing bacteria, agglutinating and precipitating antigen, activating complement, enhancing phagocytosis |
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Term
| distinguish between antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| distinguish between the primary and secondary immune response |
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Definition
primary immune response- the initial contact with an antigen, no antibodies are present for a period of several days, then a slow rise in the antibody occurs
secondary immune response- a new encounter with the same antigen resulting in a rapid proliferation of memory cells |
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Term
| list the structures/organs of the digestive tract in order. state which organ is the site of most digestion and all absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the homeostatic control of blood glucose, including the effects of the hormones insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol (and what produces these hormones) |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the homeostatic regulation of body temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| list the structures of the respiratory system in order. |
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Definition
| p. 34 external nares, nasal cavity, internal nares, nasopharynvx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, primary bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Term
| differentiate between the functions of the conducting and respiratory zones. |
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Definition
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Term
| describe where the pleural cavity is located |
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Definition
| a small space between the visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs |
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Term
| list the forms in which oxygen (2) and carbon dioxide (3) are transported in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the relationship between breathing rate and homeostasis of carbon dioxide, acid, and oxygen levels |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the structure of a nephron. |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the 3 steps of urine formation |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the micturition reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| define ECF, ICF, ISF, lymph, & plasma |
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Definition
ECF-fluid outside body cells, such as interstitial fluid and plasma
ICF- fluid located within cells
ISF- the portion of ECF that fills the microscopic spaces between the cells of tissues; the internal environment of the body
lymph- fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through the lymphatic system until it is returned to the blood
plasma- the ECF found in blood vessels; blood minus the formed elements |
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Term
| which cation is most abundunt in the ECF, and the ICF? |
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Definition
ECF- sodium NA+
ICF- potassium K+ |
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Term
| explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in ECF volume regulation |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the mechanism for osmoregulation involving ADH |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how buffer systems, breathing rate changes, and kidney secretion of H+ work together to maintain acid-base balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| define and give examples of metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis |
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Definition
metabolic acidosis- decreased HCO3- and decreased pH if there is no compensation
metabolic alkalosis- increased HCO3- and increased pH if there is no compensation
respiratory acidosis- increased PCO2 and decreased pH if there is no compensation.
respiratory alkalosis- decreased PCO2 and increased pH if there is no compensation |
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Term
| explain how PTH is involved in calcium homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how aldosterone is involved in potassium homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the middle layer of the heart wall, made up of cardiac muscle tissue, lying between the epicardium and the endocardium and constituting the bulk of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the layer of the heart wall, composed of endothelium and smooth muscle, that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that hold the valves open. |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin out layer of the heart wall, composed of serous tissue and mesothelium (also called the visceral pericardium) |
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Term
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Definition
| a loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer |
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Term
| list the main functions of the liver |
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Definition
| produces bile, which is needed for the emulsification and absorption of lipids in the small intestine |
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Term
| list the main functions of the pancreas |
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Definition
| pancreatic juice buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme (creating the proper pH for digestion in the small intestine), stops the action of pepsin from the stomach, and contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, and nucleic acids. |
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Term
| list the main functions of the gallbladder |
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Definition
| stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine |
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