Term
| what is the fluid of the lymphatic system called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| list the various types of lymph vessels. |
|
Definition
| lymphatic capillaries, ducts, trunks, lymph vessels, lacteals |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary lymphatic organs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the secondary lymthatic organs? |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules |
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|
Term
| what are several functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| drains excess fluid, transports dietary lipids, carries out immune responses, phagocytosis |
|
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Term
| whats the main difference between lymph, plasma, and ISF? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inside lymphatic vessels & tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood plasma fluid filters out of blood capillaries and drains into lymphatic vessels, becomming lymph. |
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Term
| How is the structure of lymph capillaries similar to blood capillaries? How is it different? |
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Definition
Similar = they converde to form larger lymphatic vessels that resemble veins in structure
different = lymph capillaries are slightly larger in diameter, have thinner walls, larger valves, & have a unique one-way structure that permits ISF to flow into them but not out. |
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Term
| The thoracic duct joins the venous system as it empties into the ______ veins, and drains what general body ares? |
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Definition
left internal jugular & left subclavian veins.
>left side of head, neck, and chest, the left upper limb & the entire body inferior to the ribs. |
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Term
| the right lymphatic duct joins the venous system as it empties into the ______ veins, and drains what general body areas? |
|
Definition
right internal jugular & right subclavian
>upper right side of body |
|
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Term
| how many liters of fluid does the lymphatic system return to the circulatory system each day? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does blockage of lymph cause lymphedemia? |
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Definition
| lymph accumulated in the lymphatic vessels and causes painless swelling of a limb |
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Term
| what are 2 factors that assist the flow of lymph? |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump |
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Term
| where is the thymus gland located? |
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Definition
| in the mediastinum between the sternum & the aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the thymus gland? |
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Definition
| area in which T-cells develop immunocompetence |
|
|
Term
| at what stage of life is the thymus gland the largest? |
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Definition
| childhood (infant-puberty) |
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Term
| where is the spleen located? |
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Definition
| in the left hypochondriac region between the stomach & diagphragm |
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Term
| list several functions of the spleen. |
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Definition
1. removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells & platelets
2. storage of platelets (up to 1/3 of the body's supply)
3. production of blood cells during fetal life |
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|
Term
| what are two functions of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
1. filter
2. plasma cell & memory B cell formation for response to specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| what fluid do lymph nodes filter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what fluid does the spleen filter? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are lymphatic nodules and where are they found? |
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Definition
| egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule, >They are scattered throughout the lamina propria (connective tissue) of mucus membranes lining the GI, urinary, & reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways. |
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Term
| which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx, called "adeniods" |
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Definition
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Term
| which tonsils are paired, located near the base of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| which tonsils are paired, located in the posterior oral cavity; the common term for "tonsils" |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the functional significance of the location of the tonsils? |
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Definition
| they are strategically positioned to participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances |
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|
Term
| what is the function of tonsils? |
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Definition
| defense mechanism for immune response |
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Term
| what is the function of the macrophage presence in lymphatic tissue? |
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Definition
>thymic macrophages - help clear out the debris of dead & dying cells
>spleen macrophages - destroy blood borne pathogens by phagocytosis
>lymph nodes macrophages - destroys B cells that dont develop properly |
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Term
| what is the first line of defense? |
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Definition
| skin & mucous membranes of the body |
|
|
Term
| what are some physical & chemical barriers to the entry of microorganisms? |
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Definition
| epidermidis, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, sebum, gastric juice, saliva, perspiration |
|
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Term
| what is the second line of defense? |
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Definition
| After pathogens penetrate the 1st line they encounter internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| stops or interferes w/the replication process. they are a protein produced by lymphocytes, macrophages & fibroblasts when infected w/viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma & on plasma membranes that "complement" or enhance certain immune reactions. causes cytolysis (bursting) or microbes, promotes phagocytosis & contributes to inflammation. |
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|
Term
| what are the two most important phagocytes? |
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Definition
| monocytes and neutrophils |
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|
Term
| how is phagocytosis important as a defence mechanism? |
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Definition
| they migrate to infected areas & stand guard in specific tissue and are important in adapted immunity. |
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|
Term
| what are "fixed macrophages" |
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Definition
| they stand guard in specific tissue |
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Term
| what are several types of fixed macrophages and what organ/tissue are they found? |
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Definition
>histocytes - connective tissue
>stellate reticuloendothelial cells - liver
>alveolar macrophages - lungs
>microglia - nervous system
>tissue macrophages - spleen, lymph nodes, & red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between monocrytes and macrophages? |
|
Definition
| monocytes enlarge & develop into actively phagocytic fixed or wandering macrophages during migration to infected area |
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Term
| what are natural killer (NK) cells? how do they kill invaders? |
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Definition
>They have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells & certain tumor cells.
>They attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins. |
|
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Term
| what are the benefits of fever? |
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Definition
| in intensifies the effects of interfeons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, & speeds up body reactions that aid repair. |
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Term
| what is the general funtion of the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, to prevent their spread to other tissues & to prepare the site for tissue repair in an attempt to restore tissue homeostasis. |
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Term
| what two types of WBC's are the significant phagocytes in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which phagocyte arrives on the scene first, but does not live very long? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which phagocyte arrives later, but is effective for a longer period? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| redness, pain, heat, swelling |
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Term
|
Definition
| for particular foreign molecules (antigens) which also involves distinguishing self from non self |
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Term
|
Definition
| for most previously encountered antigens so that a 2nd encounter prompts an even more rapid & vigorous response |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to determine the differnece between self & non-self |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that are recognized as foreign & provoke immune responses |
|
|
Term
| what some examples of antigens? |
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Definition
| toxins, virus, bacteria, tumor, pollen, egg white |
|
|
Term
| what chemical group do antigens belong? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are your normal body cells antigenic to yourself? cant they be under certain situations? |
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Definition
| no - but autoimmune diseases can cause them to be antigenic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatibility Complex antigens |
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Term
| why are MHC antigens called "self-antigens"? |
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Definition
| because they are unique to the individual |
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|
Term
| why are MHC antigens important in the immune response? |
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Definition
| they help T-cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self. |
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|
Term
| what is the major cell type of the adaptive immune response? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name the organs where lymphocyte cells develop |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name the organs where lymphocytes accumulate and function |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules, spleen, and blood |
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Term
| a particular lymphocyte is capable of recognizing (one/several/many) different types of antigen |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a lymphocyte gains the capacity to recognize a particular antigen (before/during/after) contact with it |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is immunocompetence? |
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Definition
| the ability to carry out adaptive immune responses |
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Term
| what type of antigen is recognized in antibody-mediated immunty? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of antigen is recognized in cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of lymphocyte is involves in antibody-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the method of antigen destruction in antibody-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| antibodies (produced by the plasma cells) bind antigen |
|
|
Term
| what is the method of antigen destruction in cell-mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| T-cells bind antigen (direct contact) |
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|
Term
| what does the term "cell-mediated immunity" mean? |
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Definition
| cytotoxic t-cells directly attack invading antigens |
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|
Term
| responsible for the cell-mediated immune response (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| originate from stem cells in red bone marrow (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mature in the thymus (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mature in the red bone marrow (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| responsible for the humoral immune response (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| secrete antibodies (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| attack invaders directly (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when activated, become plasma cells (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two types are helper and cytotoxic cells (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| attack antigen found outside body cells (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| attack antigen found within body cells (b or t) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| produce memory cells (b or t) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen "fits" with a specific receptor on T or B cell (lock & key) |
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Term
|
Definition
| form multiple copies by mitosis of original T or B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminate the antigen (the same antigen that was originally recognized) |
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Term
| what 3 types of cells function as "antigen-presenting cells" |
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Definition
| langherans cells of skin, B cells, Dendritic cells |
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Term
| during activation, a group of genetically identical cells is called a _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of helper T-cells? |
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Definition
| to help the rest of the immune response by releasing cytokines, which stimulate the cloning. |
|
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Term
| what are "cytokines" and what cells produce them? |
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Definition
| they are small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation. They are produced by helpter T-cells |
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|
Term
| what are memory cells? when are how are they produced? what is their function? |
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Definition
| they respond to an antigen by profilerating and differentiating into more effector cells & more memory cells. Allows the body to initiate a much quicker reaction than previous invasion. A second response is usually so fast & vigorous that the antigen is destroyed before any signs or symptoms can occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formed from activation of B-cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| stimulates multiplication of both B cells and killer T-cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| destroys antigen bearing cells by disrupting plasma membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| engulf & display antigens on their surgace MHC's |
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Definition
| Antigen presenting cells, B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages |
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|
Term
| mediator of secondary immune response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| involved in humoral immunity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| involved in cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| also known as killer T-cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cytotoxic T-cells are also called _______ T-cells or _______ T-cells. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do cytotoxic t-cells "recognize" the cells to be attacked and not normal cells? |
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Definition
| they secrete a group of chemicals (cytotoxins) on the antigen bearing cell, killing it. |
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Term
| how do cytotoxic T-cells destroy the cells they recognize as not normal? |
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Definition
>release of granzymes that cause apoptosis, released microbed are destroyed by phagocyte
>release of perforins that cause cytolysis, microbes are destroyed by granulysin |
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|
Term
| what type of cell produces antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general structure of an antibody? |
|
Definition
| lock & key. T shape or Y shape |
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Term
| antibodies belong to a specific group of plasma proteins called ______ or _______. |
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Definition
| globulins, immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 classes of antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant antibody. Anti-Rh. protects against bacteria & viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, a GI secretions. "secretory anibodies". provides localized protection of mucus membranes against bacteria & viruses. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies in the blood. 1st antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen. activates complement & causes agglutination & lysis of microbes. serve as antigen receptors on the surfaces of B-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| mainly found on the suraces of B-cells an antigen receptors. involved in activation of B-cells |
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|
Term
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Definition
| involved in allergic & hypersensitivity reactions, provides protection against parasite worms. |
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|
Term
| what is an "antigen-antibody complex" and what is their significance in the immune response? |
|
Definition
| connection of the antibody to the matching antigen. the connection is what marks it for destruction |
|
|
Term
| what are several ways antigen-antibody complexes can destroy antigens? |
|
Definition
1. neutralizing antigen
2. immobilizing bacteria
3. agglutinating & precipitating antigen
4. activiating complement
5. enhancing phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what are several functions of activated complement proteins? |
|
Definition
1. destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis & inflammation
2. prevent excessive damage to body tissues |
|
|
Term
| the first response to a specific antigen result in the _______ immune response. subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in the _______ immune response. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| "immunity" is provided by ______ cells and involves the activities of the (primary/secondary) immune response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the primary & secondary immune responses with regard to the speed & efficiency of response and the presence/absence of signs of illness. |
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Definition
| Secondary is quicker and more efficient. Usually sign of illness are much less if not absent in secondary responses. |
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|
Term
| what is the fundamental difference between "active" and "passive" immunity? |
|
Definition
Active - developing antibodies in response to an antigen
Passive - trasnfer of antibodies from an outside source |
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|
Term
| Naturally Active Immunity |
|
Definition
| getting sick & recovering (the work of your own immune system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placental and breast milk transfer of antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Artificial Actice Immunity |
|
Definition
vaccinations (immunizations) "antigen"
[toxoid, live virus, killed virus] |
|
|
Term
| Artifical Passive Immunity |
|
Definition
Antibody injection
[antitoxin, antiserum, immune serum, gamma globulins (rabies)] |
|
|
Term
| Natural & Artificial Active Immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural & Artificial Passive Immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contracting & recovering from a case of measles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receiving a flu shot (killed virus vaccine) |
|
Definition
| artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
| receiving an injection of gamma globulin |
|
Definition
| artificial passive immunity |
|
|
Term
| newborn immunity gained from placental transfer of maternal antibodies or in mother's milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural active immunity, artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
| temporary immunity (lasts a few weeks or months) |
|
Definition
| artificial passive immunity, natural passive immunity |
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|
Term
| gained through action of memory cells |
|
Definition
| artificial passive immunity, artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
| receiving an injection of tetanus antitoxin |
|
Definition
| artificial passive immunity |
|
|
Term
| receiving a routine tetanus immunization |
|
Definition
| artificial active immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person experiences an assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of immune cells by the HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person is overly reactive to a sbustance that is tolerated by most other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the immune system fails to display self-tolerance & attacks the persons own tissues. |
|
|
Term
| the most devastating actions of the HIV are due to interferance with ________lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what problems result from the interferance of HIV w/helper T-cells? |
|
Definition
| body cant continue replacing the helper T-cells, immunodeficiency symptoms start, once helper T-cell count drops below 200 cells/microliter of blood, AIDS is diagnosed. |
|
|
Term
| in allergies, the antigens are called ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| many of the undesirable side effects of allergies are due to excessive secretion of the chemical __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main antibody involved on allergies is ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
| an allergic reaction to a drug or bee sting that causes wheezing & shortness of breath as airways constrict. usually accompanied by shock due to vasodilation & fluid loss from blood |
|
|
Term
| list some examples of autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
| type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, graves disease, rheumatic arthritis, addison's disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the major type of blood cell involved in defense against infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop into plasma cells then secrete antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack invading viruses, cancer cells, & transplanted tissue cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells & certain tumor cells. They attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberate heparin, histamine & serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overal inflammatory response. |
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|
