Term
| Charactistics of living cells: Movement (2 types) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down complex molecules that occur in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses the energy from catabolism to build the body's structural and function components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To Cut / study of structure and the relationships among structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be studied with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot be studied with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific region of the body such as the head or the chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of organs (systems)such as the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the development from the fertilized egg to adult form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic study of the structure of tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical and microscopic study of the structure of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of FUNCTIONS of the body parts and how it works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of functional characteristics of nerve cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)and how they control body functions. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular Physiology |
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of body defenses and mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the function of kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Organizational Chart (from most important to least important) |
|
Definition
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cellular
Chemical |
|
|
Term
| Integumentary System (name components and functions) |
|
Definition
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protection, elimination of some wastes, helps produce vitamin D, monitors stimuli (temperature and pressure changes) |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal System (name components and functions) |
|
Definition
Bones, cartilage, joints
Supports, protection, movement, stores minerals, holds cells that create RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| Muscular System (components and function) |
|
Definition
Specifically skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac/
Movement, stabilization (posture), generates heat |
|
|
Term
| Nervous System (components / functions) |
|
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in the internal / external environments, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine System (component / function) |
|
Definition
All hormone-producing blands and cells (ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas)
Regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Blood, heart, veins, arteries, capillaries
Distribute oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste from cells, helps maintain the acid/base balance of the body, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming clots, helps regulate body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic & Immune (component / function) |
|
Definition
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, consils)
Returns plasma and proteins to the cardiovascular system, transports fats from GI system to the cardiovascular system, protects against disease by producing antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, nose, pharynx
Supply oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, helps regulate the acid / base balance of the body, helps produce vocal sounds |
|
|
Term
| Digestive System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Stomach, intesting, liver, tongue, mouth, esophagus, salivary gland
Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste |
|
|
Term
| Urinary System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, helps maintain the acid base and calcium balance of the body, secretes a hormone that regulates RBC production |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Organs (testes, ovaries) that produce reproductive cells or gametes (sperm or ova), uterine tubes, uterus, epididymis, vas deferns, penis
Produces gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, and hormones that help to regulate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. An important aspect of homeostasis is regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions found inside cells and surrounding them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intracellular (within the cell)
Extracellular (outside the cell)
Interstitial (Between cells of tissues) |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis "Dynamic Equilibrium" |
|
Definition
| All systems work together to maintain the dynamic equilibrium within the body |
|
|
Term
| Normal Range (another word for) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The EFC (Extra Cellular Fluid) in the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A challenge to homeostasis. Any stimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (loops) - A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determs the value at which some aspect of the body, called a "controlled condition" should be maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the "input" to the control center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receives the information, called the "output" from the control center and produces a response "effect". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The response enhances or INTENSIFIES the original stimulus ***AWAY FROM*** such as childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The response reverses the original stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Abdominalpelvis Regions (name the 9 regions) |
|
Definition
R-Hypo Epigastric L- Hypocho
R-Lumbar Umbilical L-Lumbar
R. Iliac Hypogastric L-Iliac |
|
|
Term
| Right Hypochondriac (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epigastric Region(list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Hyponchondriac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right Lumbar Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Ascending colon of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Umbilical Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Small intestine and portion of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| Left Lumbar Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Descending colon of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Right Iliac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypogastric Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Iliac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quadrants (list all four) |
|
Definition
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plan passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plane does not pass through the midline dividing the body or organ into unequal sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three plans that are all at right angles to one another |
|
Definition
| Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plane used to cut tubular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearer to the midline of the body or a structure. The midline is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into right and left sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between two structures (Ring finder is intermediate between the little and middle finger) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farther from the midline of the body or structure (Radius is on the lateral side of the forearm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the same side of the body (The Gallbladder and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the opposite side of the body (The ascending and descending colons of the large intesting are contralateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toward or on top of the surface of the body (The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the organs in the thoracic cavity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Away from the surface of the body (The ribs are deep to the skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Side of the leg - also known as Fibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior side of the elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region between the anus and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scapula or shoulder blade area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calf or posterior surface of the leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two body cavities |
|
Definition
Dorsal (near the back surface of the body which contains the Cranial and Vertebral)
Ventral (which is subdivided by the diaphragm) into the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds each lung. Small, fluid filled space between part of the serous membrane that covers the lungs and the part that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Mediastinum (left over space) |
|
Definition
| Between the pleural cavities, a broad, median partition (mass of tissues) medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It includes the contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs themselves. Structures include the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the heart and the part that lines the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Abdominopelvic (name the two regions included and the organs within) |
|
Definition
Abdominal: Stomch, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine
Pelvic: Urinary Bladder, portions of the large intestine, the internal organs of reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Name the four exposed cavities |
|
Definition
Oral: Mouth; inside of teeth
Bucal: Between the cheeks and teeth
Otic: Ears
Optic: Eyes |
|
|
Term
| Membrane Linings: (name the two types of membrane linings) |
|
Definition
Serous: 2-3 layers with serous fluid within the spaces
Mucos: 1 layer, very thick, produces mucous |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Lungs |
|
Definition
Pleura:
Visceral - next to the lungs
Parietal - Away from the lungs
Pleura Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Heart |
|
Definition
Pericardia
Visceral - Next to the heart
Parietal - Away from the Heart
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Peritonea (stomach) |
|
Definition
Peritonea:
Visceral - Next to the stomach
Parietal - Away from the stomach
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Serous Membranes: Name the two types |
|
Definition
Cutaneous
Mucos (external)
Nasal Mucosa
Gastric Mucosa
Anal Mucosa
Vaginal Mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behind the peritoneum - such as organs consisting of the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestine and the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Science that deals with the study of tissues |
|
|
Term
| Name the four types of tissues and their origin |
|
Definition
Epithelial: From endoderm, mesoderm, ecoderm
Connective - from mesoderm
Muscle - from mesoderm
Nervous - from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| Epitheal Tissue (Describing linings and glandular, characteristics, junctions, classifications) |
|
Definition
Covering (lining) - covers or lines. Forms the superficial layer of the skin and some internal organs. Forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities and the interior of the respiratory.
Glandular - secreting portion of glands (sweat glands). Also combines with nervous tissue to make up special sense organs for smell, hearing, vision, touch.
Free Surface (apical) exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ or the exterior of the body
Basal Surface - attached to basal membrane
Basement Membrane - non living layer (Basal lamina and reticular lamina)
Avascular (no blood vessels), lots of cells and highly regenerative
Junctions: tight, fused together like a zipper / Has Desmosomes (like spot welds or buttons) and has hemidesmosomes (fibers only go in 1 direction) and a Gap which permits electrical or chemical signals to pass from cell to cell like a tunnel.
Classifications are according to
shape:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional |
|
|
Term
| Describe the different types of cells in the Integumentary System; |
|
Definition
Keratinocytes - 95% + epidermis cells
Merkel Cells - flat, disc shaped
-transmit touch
-associated with neurons
Langerhans Cells - actually WBC
-immunity
Melanocytes
-near blood vessels
-produce melanin
-reactive to UV light
-most common to become cancerous because they are so active |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Hair |
|
Definition
Made of keratin
part of the epidermal layer
Arrector pili muscles attached
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
-waterproofing
-lubrication
-acinar in shape |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Nails |
|
Definition
Made of keratin
no melanocytes (so no color) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Dermis (true skin) layers (name all three) |
|
Definition
Papillary Layer (1/5 of dermis)
-top, closest to epidermis
-mostly areolar CT
-lots of blood vessels & nerve endings
-Meissner's corpuscles (light touch)
-free nerve endings
Reticular (4/5 of dermis)
-Much thicker than papillary layer
-dense irregular CT
-Variable in thickness
-Sweat glands (coiled tubular)
-Pacinian Corpuscles (pressure receptors)
-Blood Vessels
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
-Mostly aidpose tissue
-temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Integumentary skin colors (3 types) |
|
Definition
Melanin: Yellow to black (depending on concentration
Carotene (Precursor of Vitamin A and deposits into skin.
Hemoglobin (gives pink in color) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the glands of the Integument System (2 types) |
|
Definition
Sebaceous (oil glands)
-Sebum
-Proteins, salts, cholesterol, fats
-low pH, slightly acidic
-Lubricates skin, hair
-Clogging
-blackheads
-pimples
-Reacts to sex hormones
Sweat (Sudoriferous) bland:
-Merocrine (eccrine)
-lots more of this type
-function throughout life
-salts, water, urea
-general no odor
-function is heat removal
-Apocrine:
-non-functional until puberty
-underarm, genitals, breasts
-secrete same as eccrine plus pheromones
-Ceruminous:
-makes ear wax - waterproofing
-Mammary (Milk)
-Specialized Sudoriferous glands |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Sutures of the cranium |
|
Definition
Suture: an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones
Coronal - unites the frontal and 2 parietals
Sagittal - unites the two parietal
Lambdoid - unites the parietal and occipital
Squamous - unites the parietal and temporal |
|
|
Term
| Name the two divisions of the Skeleton |
|
Definition
Axial Skeleton: Long axis of body
Appendicular - appendages |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton, how many bones are there and what areas are included? |
|
Definition
80 Bones
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton - how many Bones are in the Skull? Describe each. |
|
Definition
22 Bones
Cranial - 8 bones
Frontal (1)forehead
Parietal (2) Sides and roof of head
Occipital (1) back of head
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1) |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton - name all the bones in the Facial Area |
|
Definition
Mandible (1) lower jawbone
Maxillae (2) upper jawbone
Zygomatic (2) cheekbone
Nasal (2) bridge of the nose
Lacrimal (2) medial wall of ea. orbit
Vomer (1) triangular, nasal septum
Palatine (2) l-shaped palate
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only bone in the body that is not articulated with any other bone |
|
Definition
Hyoid Bone
It is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Located in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is often fractured during strangulation. As a result, it is carefully examined in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 bones of the orbit area |
|
Definition
Frontal
Sphenoid
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Maxilla |
|
|
Term
| Name the Sinuses of the cranium |
|
Definition
Sinuses: Hollow air filled spaces, lightens the skull and speech resonation
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary (largest) |
|
|
Term
| Name the Fontanels of the skull |
|
Definition
Fontanels: Fibrous sheath (membrane) connections
Anterior (Frontal)
Posterior (Occipital)
Anterolateral (Sphenoid)
Posterlateral (Mastoid) |
|
|
Term
| Name the regions of the Veterbral Column |
|
Definition
Cervical (C1 - C7)
Thoracic (T1 - T12)
Lumbar (L1 - L5)
Sacral (S1 - S5)
Coccygeal (Co1 - Co4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral curvature of the veterbral column in anterior / posterior view, no curves should be present in this view. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
"hump back" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
(pregnant women) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 Vertebra Characteristics |
|
Definition
Body
Pedicles
Laminae
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Superior Articular Processes
Inferior Articular Processes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Ribcage (Thorax 2 bones) |
|
Definition
Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xiphoid Process
Ribs - 12 pairs
-Vetebrosternal "true ribs" #1-7 attach directly to sternum and vertebrae
-Vertebrochondral "False ribs" #8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage and directly attach to vertebrae
-Floating "False Ribs" #11-12 - do not attach at all to sternum, only attached to vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| On the Appendicular Skeleton, name the two girdles and the extremities |
|
Definition
Pectoral Girdle
-Upper arm
-lower arm
-hand
Pelvic Girdle
-Upper leg
-lower leg
-feet |
|
|
Term
| Name the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle |
|
Definition
Clavicle(2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) |
|
|
Term
| Name the bones of the Pelvic Girdle |
|
Definition
In adults (2) 2 Os Coxa bones
Children (3 bones make up Os coxa)
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubic
Pelvis - (2) Os Coxa bones & Sacrum |
|
|
Term
| Name the Leg Bones and include feet |
|
Definition
Femur
Tibia (weight bearing)
Fibula (bracing for tibia)
Foot: Tarsals - 7 bones
-Calcaneus
-Talus
-cuboid
-Navicular
-Cuneiform
Metatarsals - #1-5 from the big toe
Phalanges - Proximal, Medial, Distal |
|
|
Term
| Name the Auditory Ossicles which is inside the temporal bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Wormian Bones |
|
Definition
| Little islands of bones within the sutures |
|
|
Term
| What and where are the sesamoid bones. |
|
Definition
| They look like sesame seeds, they are found inside tendons such as the Patella |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 types of bone shapes |
|
Definition
Long: longer than they are wide, hollow and contain yellow bone marrow (fat)
Short: Square, not completely solid
Flat: Sandwich
Irregular: no particular shape (vertebra)
Other: Wormian or sesamoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 16 markings of bones |
|
Definition
Fissure
Fontaneal
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Line
Crest
Head
Chondyle
Epichondyle
Canal
Meatus |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Fissure: |
|
Definition
| A narrow, cleftlike opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Fontanel" |
|
Definition
| Space between skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Foramen" |
|
Definition
| Hole - generally blood vessels or nerve |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "fossa" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Sulcus" |
|
Definition
| A groove that accomodates a soft structure such as blood vessel, nerve or tendon |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Tubercle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Tuberosity" |
|
Definition
| Rough area, bigger than a tubercle |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Trochanter" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Spine" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Line" |
|
Definition
| ridge, but not very prominent |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Crest" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Head" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Chondyle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Epichondyle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Canal" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Meatus" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charactistics of living cells: Movement (2 types) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down complex molecules that occur in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses the energy from catabolism to build the body's structural and function components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To Cut / study of structure and the relationships among structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be studied with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot be studied with the naked eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific region of the body such as the head or the chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of organs (systems)such as the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the development from the fertilized egg to adult form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microscopic study of the structure of tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical and microscopic study of the structure of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of FUNCTIONS of the body parts and how it works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of functional characteristics of nerve cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)and how they control body functions. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular Physiology |
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of body defenses and mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the function of kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Organizational Chart (from most important to least important) |
|
Definition
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cellular
Chemical |
|
|
Term
| Integumentary System (name components and functions) |
|
Definition
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protection, elimination of some wastes, helps produce vitamin D, monitors stimuli (temperature and pressure changes) |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal System (name components and functions) |
|
Definition
Bones, cartilage, joints
Supports, protection, movement, stores minerals, holds cells that create RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| Muscular System (components and function) |
|
Definition
Specifically skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac/
Movement, stabilization (posture), generates heat |
|
|
Term
| Nervous System (components / functions) |
|
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in the internal / external environments, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine System (component / function) |
|
Definition
All hormone-producing blands and cells (ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas)
Regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Blood, heart, veins, arteries, capillaries
Distribute oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste from cells, helps maintain the acid/base balance of the body, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming clots, helps regulate body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic & Immune (component / function) |
|
Definition
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, consils)
Returns plasma and proteins to the cardiovascular system, transports fats from GI system to the cardiovascular system, protects against disease by producing antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, nose, pharynx
Supply oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, helps regulate the acid / base balance of the body, helps produce vocal sounds |
|
|
Term
| Digestive System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Stomach, intesting, liver, tongue, mouth, esophagus, salivary gland
Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste |
|
|
Term
| Urinary System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, helps maintain the acid base and calcium balance of the body, secretes a hormone that regulates RBC production |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive System (component / function) |
|
Definition
Organs (testes, ovaries) that produce reproductive cells or gametes (sperm or ova), uterine tubes, uterus, epididymis, vas deferns, penis
Produces gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, and hormones that help to regulate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. An important aspect of homeostasis is regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions found inside cells and surrounding them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intracellular (within the cell)
Extracellular (outside the cell)
Interstitial (Between cells of tissues) |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis "Dynamic Equilibrium" |
|
Definition
| All systems work together to maintain the dynamic equilibrium within the body |
|
|
Term
| Normal Range (another word for) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The EFC (Extra Cellular Fluid) in the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A challenge to homeostasis. Any stimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (loops) - A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determs the value at which some aspect of the body, called a "controlled condition" should be maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the "input" to the control center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receives the information, called the "output" from the control center and produces a response "effect". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The response enhances or INTENSIFIES the original stimulus ***AWAY FROM*** such as childbirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The response reverses the original stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Abdominalpelvis Regions (name the 9 regions) |
|
Definition
R-Hypo Epigastric L- Hypocho
R-Lumbar Umbilical L-Lumbar
R. Iliac Hypogastric L-Iliac |
|
|
Term
| Right Hypochondriac (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epigastric Region(list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Hyponchondriac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right Lumbar Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Ascending colon of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Umbilical Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Small intestine and portion of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| Left Lumbar Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
| Descending colon of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Right Iliac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypogastric Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Left Iliac Region (list organs within) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quadrants (list all four) |
|
Definition
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plan passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plane does not pass through the midline dividing the body or organ into unequal sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three plans that are all at right angles to one another |
|
Definition
| Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plane used to cut tubular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearer to the midline of the body or a structure. The midline is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into right and left sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between two structures (Ring finder is intermediate between the little and middle finger) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farther from the midline of the body or structure (Radius is on the lateral side of the forearm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the same side of the body (The Gallbladder and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On the opposite side of the body (The ascending and descending colons of the large intesting are contralateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toward or on top of the surface of the body (The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the organs in the thoracic cavity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Away from the surface of the body (The ribs are deep to the skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Side of the leg - also known as Fibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior side of the elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region between the anus and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scapula or shoulder blade area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calf or posterior surface of the leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two body cavities |
|
Definition
Dorsal (near the back surface of the body which contains the Cranial and Vertebral)
Ventral (which is subdivided by the diaphragm) into the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds each lung. Small, fluid filled space between part of the serous membrane that covers the lungs and the part that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Mediastinum (left over space) |
|
Definition
| Between the pleural cavities, a broad, median partition (mass of tissues) medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It includes the contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs themselves. Structures include the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the heart and the part that lines the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Abdominopelvic (name the two regions included and the organs within) |
|
Definition
Abdominal: Stomch, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine
Pelvic: Urinary Bladder, portions of the large intestine, the internal organs of reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Name the four exposed cavities |
|
Definition
Oral: Mouth; inside of teeth
Bucal: Between the cheeks and teeth
Otic: Ears
Optic: Eyes |
|
|
Term
| Membrane Linings: (name the two types of membrane linings) |
|
Definition
Serous: 2-3 layers with serous fluid within the spaces
Mucos: 1 layer, very thick, produces mucous |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Lungs |
|
Definition
Pleura:
Visceral - next to the lungs
Parietal - Away from the lungs
Pleura Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Heart |
|
Definition
Pericardia
Visceral - Next to the heart
Parietal - Away from the Heart
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Name the membrane lining of the Peritonea (stomach) |
|
Definition
Peritonea:
Visceral - Next to the stomach
Parietal - Away from the stomach
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces |
|
|
Term
| Serous Membranes: Name the two types |
|
Definition
Cutaneous
Mucos (external)
Nasal Mucosa
Gastric Mucosa
Anal Mucosa
Vaginal Mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behind the peritoneum - such as organs consisting of the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestine and the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Science that deals with the study of tissues |
|
|
Term
| Name the four types of tissues and their origin |
|
Definition
Epithelial: From endoderm, mesoderm, ecoderm
Connective - from mesoderm
Muscle - from mesoderm
Nervous - from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| Epitheal Tissue (Describing linings and glandular, characteristics, junctions, classifications) |
|
Definition
Covering (lining) - covers or lines. Forms the superficial layer of the skin and some internal organs. Forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities and the interior of the respiratory.
Glandular - secreting portion of glands (sweat glands). Also combines with nervous tissue to make up special sense organs for smell, hearing, vision, touch.
Free Surface (apical) exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ or the exterior of the body
Basal Surface - attached to basal membrane
Basement Membrane - non living layer (Basal lamina and reticular lamina)
Avascular (no blood vessels), lots of cells and highly regenerative
Junctions: tight, fused together like a zipper / Has Desmosomes (like spot welds or buttons) and has hemidesmosomes (fibers only go in 1 direction) and a Gap which permits electrical or chemical signals to pass from cell to cell like a tunnel.
Classifications are according to shape:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional |
|
|
Term
| Describe the different types of cells in the Integumentary System; |
|
Definition
Keratinocytes - 95% + epidermis cells
Merkel Cells - flat, disc shaped
-transmit touch
-associated with neurons
Langerhans Cells - actually WBC
-immunity
Melanocytes
-near blood vessels
-produce melanin
-reactive to UV light
-most common to become cancerous because they are so active |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Hair |
|
Definition
Made of keratin
part of the epidermal layer
Arrector pili muscles attached
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
-waterproofing
-lubrication
-acinar in shape |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Nails |
|
Definition
Made of keratin
no melanocytes (so no color) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Dermis (true skin) layers (name all three) |
|
Definition
Papillary Layer (1/5 of dermis)
-top, closest to epidermis
-mostly areolar CT
-lots of blood vessels & nerve endings
-Meissner's corpuscles (light touch)
-free nerve endings
Reticular (4/5 of dermis)
-Much thicker than papillary layer
-dense irregular CT
-Variable in thickness
-Sweat glands (coiled tubular)
-Pacinian Corpuscles (pressure receptors)
-Blood Vessels
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
-Mostly aidpose tissue
-temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Integumentary skin colors (3 types) |
|
Definition
Melanin: Yellow to black (depending on concentration
Carotene (Precursor of Vitamin A and deposits into skin.
Hemoglobin (gives pink in color) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the glands of the Integument System (2 types) |
|
Definition
Sebaceous (oil glands)
-Sebum
-Proteins, salts, cholesterol, fats
-low pH, slightly acidic
-Lubricates skin, hair
-Clogging
-blackheads
-pimples
-Reacts to sex hormones
Sweat (Sudoriferous) bland:
-Merocrine (eccrine)
-lots more of this type
-function throughout life
-salts, water, urea
-general no odor
-function is heat removal
-Apocrine:
-non-functional until puberty
-underarm, genitals, breasts
-secrete same as eccrine plus pheromones
-Ceruminous:
-makes ear wax - waterproofing
-Mammary (Milk)
-Specialized Sudoriferous glands |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Sutures of the cranium |
|
Definition
Suture: an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones
Coronal - unites the frontal and 2 parietals
Sagittal - unites the two parietal
Lambdoid - unites the parietal and occipital
Squamous - unites the parietal and temporal |
|
|
Term
| Name the two divisions of the Skeleton |
|
Definition
Axial Skeleton: Long axis of body
Appendicular - appendages |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton, how many bones are there and what areas are included? |
|
Definition
80 Bones
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton - how many Bones are in the Skull? Describe each. |
|
Definition
22 Bones
Cranial - 8 bones
Frontal (1)forehead
Parietal (2) Sides and roof of head
Occipital (1) back of head
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1) |
|
|
Term
| In the Axial Skeleton - name all the bones in the Facial Area |
|
Definition
Mandible (1) lower jawbone
Maxillae (2) upper jawbone
Zygomatic (2) cheekbone
Nasal (2) bridge of the nose
Lacrimal (2) medial wall of ea. orbit
Vomer (1) triangular, nasal septum
Palatine (2) l-shaped palate
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only bone in the body that is not articulated with any other bone |
|
Definition
Hyoid Bone
It is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Located in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is often fractured during strangulation. As a result, it is carefully examined in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 bones of the orbit area |
|
Definition
Frontal
Sphenoid
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Maxilla |
|
|
Term
| Name the Sinuses of the cranium |
|
Definition
Sinuses: Hollow air filled spaces, lightens the skull and speech resonation
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary (largest) |
|
|
Term
| Name the Fontanels of the skull |
|
Definition
Fontanels: Fibrous sheath (membrane) connections
Anterior (Frontal)
Posterior (Occipital)
Anterolateral (Sphenoid)
Posterlateral (Mastoid) |
|
|
Term
| Name the regions of the Veterbral Column |
|
Definition
Cervical (C1 - C7)
Thoracic (T1 - T12)
Lumbar (L1 - L5)
Sacral (S1 - S5)
Coccygeal (Co1 - Co4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L:ateral curvature of the veterbral column in anterior / posterior view, no curves should be present in this view. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
"hump back" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
(pregnant women) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 Vertebra Characteristics |
|
Definition
Body
Pedicles
Laminae
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Superior Articular Processes
Inferior Articular Processes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Ribcage (Thorax 2 bones) |
|
Definition
Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xiphoid Process
Ribs - 12 pairs
-Vetebrosternal "true ribs" #1-7 attach directly to sternum and vertebrae
-Vertebrochondral "False ribs" #8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage and directly attach to vertebrae
-Floating "False Ribs" #11-12 - do not attach at all to sternum, only attached to vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| On the Appendicular Skeleton, name the two girdles and the extremities |
|
Definition
Pectoral Girdle
-Upper arm
-lower arm
-hand
Pelvic Girdle
-Upper leg
-lower leg
-feet |
|
|
Term
| Name the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle |
|
Definition
Clavicle(2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) |
|
|
Term
| Name the bones of the Pelvic Girdle |
|
Definition
In adults (2) 2 Os Coxa bones
Children (3 bones make up Os coxa)
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubic
Pelvis - (2) Os Coxa bones & Sacrum |
|
|
Term
| Name the Leg Bones and include feet |
|
Definition
Femur
Tibia (weight bearing)
Fibula (bracing for tibia)
Foot: Tarsals - 7 bones
-Calcaneus
-Talus
-cuboid
-Navicular
-Cuneiform
Metatarsals - #1-5 from the big toe
Phalanges - Proximal, Medial, Distal |
|
|
Term
| Name the Auditory Ossicles which is inside the temporal bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Wormian Bones |
|
Definition
| Little islands of bones within the sutures |
|
|
Term
| What and where are the sesamoid bones. |
|
Definition
| They look like sesame seeds, they are found inside tendons such as the Patella |
|
|
Term
| Name the 4 types of bone shapes |
|
Definition
Long: longer than they are wide, hollow and contain yellow bone marrow (fat)
Short: Square, not completely solid
Flat: Sandwich
Irregular: no particular shape (vertebra)
Other: Wormian or sesamoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 16 markings of bones |
|
Definition
Fissure
Fontaneal
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Line
Crest
Head
Chondyle
Epichondyle
Canal
Meatus |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Fissure: |
|
Definition
| A narrow, cleftlike opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Fontanel" |
|
Definition
| Space between skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Foramen" |
|
Definition
| Hole - generally blood vessels or nerve |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "fossa" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Sulcus" |
|
Definition
| A groove that accomodates a soft structure such as blood vessel, nerve or tendon |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Tubercle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Tuberosity" |
|
Definition
| Rough area, bigger than a tubercle |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Trochanter" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Spine" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Line" |
|
Definition
| ridge, but not very prominent |
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Crest" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Head" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Chondyle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Epichondyle" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Canal" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the marking on the bone "Meatus" |
|
Definition
|
|
