Term
| in the human body, a structure that changes a stimulus into an electrical signal is called a _______? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| with which part of a neuron are sensory receptors most commonly associated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
how are stimuli of greater intensity encoded? (possible multiple answers)
a. by producing action potentials of greater size?
b. by producing a greater frequency of action potentials?
c. by producing action potentials in more neurons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all receptors receive information that results in a conscious sensation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain produces conscious sensation when it receives sensory input? |
|
Definition
| sensory areas of cerebral cortex |
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|
Term
| anterior clear portion of fibrous tunic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| retinal area providing keenest vision |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| attaches lens to ciliary body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| biconvex structure that focuses light |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior portion of fibrous tunic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mucous membrane covering sclera, lining eyelids |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| choroid, ciliary body, and iris |
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Definition
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|
Term
| regulates amount of light entering the eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| controls shape of lens for focusing |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tough outer layer, protects, gives shape to eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rods and cones located here |
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Definition
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|
Term
| also known as the "blind spot" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| point of origin of optic nerve |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| opening in iris allowing light into the eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles? |
|
Definition
| move the eye in almost any direction and permit smooth, precise, & rapid movements. |
|
|
Term
| which two eye structures are responsible for most of the refraction (light bending) involved in focusing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| between the cornea & lens, which performs most of the refraction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which structures of the ear are involved in equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| semicircular canals & vestibules |
|
|
Term
| which structure of the ear is involved in hearing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| structures of the outer ear |
|
Definition
| external acoustic meatus, auricle, tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, round window, auditory tube |
|
|
Term
| structures of the inner ear |
|
Definition
| cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leads sound waves to the eardrum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| equalizes pressure within middle ear |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ossicle in contact with eardrum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ossicle in contact with oval window |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of sound receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of equilibrium receptors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| conducts sound waves into inner ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure damper for inner ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the organ of corti? |
|
Definition
| location of sound receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
| a gland that secretes hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a secretion of endocrine glands that alters the physiological activty of target cells of the body |
|
|
Term
| the endocrine system coordinates body activities by means of (chemical/electrical) signals. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| endocrine glands release their secretions into (the blood/a duct). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| exocrine glands release their secretions into (the blood/a duct) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the specific cells/tissues influenced by a hormone called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Target cells possess proteins called _________ that specifically bind to that hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
type of signal
nervous system?
endocrine system? |
|
Definition
nervous = electrical & chemical
endocrine = chemical |
|
|
Term
Signal pathway:
nervous system?
endocrine system? |
|
Definition
nervous = nerves
endocrine = blood |
|
|
Term
Speed/duration of response:
nervous system?
endocrine system? |
|
Definition
nervous = faster (shorter,milliseconds)
endocrine = slower (longer,seconds/days) |
|
|
Term
Types of effectors:
nervous system?
endocrine system? |
|
Definition
nervous = muscle cells, gland cells, and other neurons
endocrine = cells throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by "hormone-target cell specificity?" |
|
Definition
| ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors, within the cell or on its plasma membrane, to which the hormone can bind. |
|
|
Term
| why is "hormone-target cell specificity" central to the function of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| because it has the ability to only affect certian cells - not all cells. |
|
|
Term
| explain the idea of "lock and key" to hormones and receptors. |
|
Definition
| only target cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind & recognize that hormone, and they physically fit w/the receptors & the effect wont occur until it fits in perfectly. |
|
|
Term
| amine hormones are derived by modifying the structure of certain _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine include __________. (a group that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another example of an amine hormone based on tryosine and adding the mineral iodine is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones composed of short amino acid chains are ________ hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones composed of longer, more complex amino acid chains are called _______ hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones with carbohydrate side chains are called _________ hormones. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| steroid hormones are derived from ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list 4 organs that secrete steroid hormones and an example of the hormone they secrete. |
|
Definition
Adrenal cortex - cortisol
Kidneys - calcitriol
Testes - testosterone
ovaries - estroten & progesterone |
|
|
Term
| the greatest variety of hormones belong to which chemical group? |
|
Definition
| proteins/peptides (water soluble) |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of lipid soluble hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of water soluble hormones? |
|
Definition
| amine, peptides & proteins |
|
|
Term
Transport form (bound to plasma protein or free molecule):
lipid soluble hormones?
water soluble hormones? |
|
Definition
lipid - bound to plasma protein
water - free molecule |
|
|
Term
Location of target cell receptors:
lipid soluble?
water soluble? |
|
Definition
lipid - cytosol or nucleus
water - plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
mechanism of target cell response:
lipid soluble?
water soluble? |
|
Definition
lipid - activation of gene (DNA) & turn on protein synthesis
water - activation of 2nd messenger |
|
|
Term
| what is the response produced from a muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the response produced from a secretory cell? |
|
Definition
| changes the rate of secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the response produced from most cells? |
|
Definition
1. stimulates the transport of a substance into or out of the target cells
2. altering the rate of specific metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
| what is a 2nd messenger? and how do they work? |
|
Definition
| specific hormone stimulated response inside the cell. they activate one or more protein kinases, which may be free in the cytosol or bound to the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| for which class of hormones (water soluble or lipid soluble) are 2nd messenger systems needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the three type of inputs that can regulate the rate of hormone secretion. |
|
Definition
1. signal form the nervous system
2. chemical changes in the blood
3. other hormones |
|
|
Term
| what controls the stiumation of the adrenal medulla by sympathetic neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls low calcium levels that stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion? |
|
Definition
| chemical composition of ECF |
|
|
Term
| what controls the ACTH to stimulate cortisol secretion? |
|
Definition
| controlled by another hormone |
|
|
Term
| what controls high blood glucose stimulating insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| chemical composition of ECF |
|
|
Term
| what controls the stimulation of neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus by other brain regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pituitary gland is also called the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones? |
|
Definition
| anterior pituitary & hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| composed of nervous tissue |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus & posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produce hormones that influence several peripheral glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| store and release hormones actually produced by the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth hormone inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolactin-inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticotropin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolactin-releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hypothalamic hormones affect the GH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two hypothalamic hormones affect PRL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hypothalamic hormone affects TSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hypothalamic hormone affects ACTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hypothalamic hormone affects both FSH & LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones are called tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates bone growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormones stimulate ovaries and testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates milk production by mammary glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormone stimulates adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anteriory pituitary hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones actually produced by the _________. What are the 2 hormones? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus secretes _____________ which influence the ___________. |
|
Definition
| releasing & inhibiting hormones, anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to ___________, which stores and secretes what two hypothalamic hormones? |
|
Definition
| posterior pituitary, oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary produces what 6 hormones? |
|
Definition
| GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH |
|
|
Term
| GH stimulates what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH stimulates what organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH & LH stimulate what organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PRL stimulates what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH stimulates what organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two hormones grouped as "thyroid hormone"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dietary mineral is essential to normal thyroid function? what is the function of this mineral? |
|
Definition
| iodine - a structural component of T3 & T4 |
|
|
Term
| list several effects of the thyroid hormone. |
|
Definition
1. increases basal metabolic rate
2. enhance actions of the catecholamines by up-regulating beta receptors
3. accelerate body growth, specifically the nervous & skeletal systems |
|
|
Term
| regulation of thyroid hormone involves ________ secreted by the hypothalamus which regulates ________ secreted by the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH is directly involved in the homeostatic regulation of _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (low/high) levels of calcium stimulate PTH secretion. The overall effect of PTH is to (raise/lower) the level of calcium back toward normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does PTH affect bone tissue? |
|
Definition
| inhibits bone resorption, activation of osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| how does PTH affect kidneys? |
|
Definition
| it decreases blood phosphate level & increases blood calcium & magnesium levels, and promotes formation of the hormone calcitriol. |
|
|
Term
| how does PTH affect the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| calcitriol stimulates increased absorption of calcium from foods in the GO tract, which helps increase the blood level of calcium |
|
|
Term
| PTH and calcitonin are both involved in calcium homeostasis, but ________ is normally most important. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH is secreted in response to (higher/lower) than normal levels of blood calcium, and calcitonin is secreted in response to _______ than normal levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major action of calcitonin? and what is the major target organ? |
|
Definition
| inhibits the activity of osteoclasts by decreasing the blood calcium levels. bone tissue |
|
|
Term
| all adrenal cortex hormones are classes as ________ and are syntesized from ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: male sex hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: cortisol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: regulate electrolyte and water balance of ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: influence carbohydrate metabolism; increasing blood glucose levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: important in response to stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: regulates Na+ and K+ excretion by kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: pharmaceutical preparations used to depress inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the adrenal cortex hormone associated with: anabolic steroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretion of cortisol is regulated primarily by the hormone ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH is controlled by ______ from the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the adrenal medulla is actually a modified glanglion of the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system. what two hormones does it produce? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic, epinephrine & norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| produce effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the ANS during stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus that produces a stress response |
|
|
Term
| the generalized nonspecific responses of the body to stressors are known as the ______________ syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the three stages of the general adapatation syndrome, in sequence: |
|
Definition
1. an initial fight-or-flight response
2. a slower resistance reaction
3. exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome is controlled by the ________ nervous system and the adrenal _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is controlled primarily by hormone secretion, ______ being the most significant hormone involved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list 3 signs of hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
| enlarged thyroid, protruding eyes, skinny (burns fat faster) |
|
|
Term
| list 3 signs of hypothryroidism |
|
Definition
| swollen face (puffy eyes), low body temp, weight gain |
|
|
Term
| in a very young child, hypothyroidism can cause __________. |
|
Definition
| congenital hypothyroidism, "cretinism" |
|
|
Term
| Congenital hypothyroidism ("cretinism") is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
| severe mental retardation & stunted bone growth |
|
|
Term
| secretion of too much growth hormone during childhood may cause ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too much growth hormone during adulthood may cause _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too little secretion during childhood may cause ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oversecretion of cortisol causes ___________. under secretion of cortisol causes __________. |
|
Definition
| cushings syndrome, addisons disease |
|
|
Term
| how does the endocrine system contribute to homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| controls body activities by releasing hormones. maintains balance in the body & releases hormones. |
|
|
Term
| how do the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| they act together to coordinate functions of all body systems. The nervous system responds to changes in the environment and causes the endocrine system to respond accordingly. |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 main functions of all other structures but receptors? |
|
Definition
1. conduct & focus stimulation to receptors
2. protection |
|
|
Term
| where is the active receptor in the eye located? what are the receptor cells? |
|
Definition
| retina. receptor cells - rods & cones |
|
|
Term
| where is the receptor for hearing in the ear loacted? what are the receptor cells? |
|
Definition
| cochlea of the organ of corti in the inner ear. receptor cells - hair cells |
|
|
Term
| where is the receptor for balance in the ear located? what are the receptor cells? |
|
Definition
| vestibule & semicircular canals of the inner ear. receptor cells - hair cells |
|
|
Term
| what are tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
| hormones that act on other endocrine glands. ("tropin, "stimulating") |
|
|
