Term
| Osteogenesis and ossification |
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Definition
| is the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to: |
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Term
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Definition
The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
Bone growth until early adulthood
Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair |
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Term
| Formation of the bony skeleton begins |
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Definition
| at week 8 of embryonic development and involves two processes:Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| in which bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model. |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| in which bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
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Term
| is involved in formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles. |
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Definition
| Intramembranous ossfication |
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Term
| fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by |
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Definition
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Term
| Stages of Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane.
Woven bone and periosteum form.
Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to periosteum, and red marrow appears |
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Term
| Bones of the vertebral column, pelvis and extremities are referred to as cartilage bones since they are first formed with hyaline cartilage and then replaced by bone during |
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Definition
| endochondral ossification. This process begins in the second month of development. |
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Term
| Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and blood capillaries penetrate into spaces left by the destroyed |
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Definition
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Term
| mesenchymal cells give rise to |
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Definition
| osteoblasts which form matrix upon the remains of the hyaline cartilage. The distinctive features are concerned with cartilage breakdown and resorption rather than bone deposition |
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Term
| Stages of Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
Bone collar formed around diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities.
Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms.
Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates |
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Term
| Bone growth after birth occurs by two processes |
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Definition
| interstitial growth from the epiphyseal plate and (2.) appositional growth |
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Term
| Growth in length of long bones involves the side of the |
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Definition
| epiphyseal plate facing the epiphysis. This area of the shaft of the bone organizes into a pattern that allows fast, efficient growth. |
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Term
| Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form several different zones |
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Definition
| growth or proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cartilage cells undergoing mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis |
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Term
| In the hypertrophic and calcification zones, |
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Definition
| older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate |
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Term
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Definition
| new bone formation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilage continually grows in the epiphyseal plate and is replaced by bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones, however, can still increase in thickness by appositional growth. Basically osteoblasts form new bone on the outside of the bone while osteoclasts destroy bone next to the endosteum. This process maintains the shape of the bone |
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Term
| Two control loops regulate bone remodeling |
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Definition
Hormonal mechanisms maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood
Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton |
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Term
| Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger |
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Definition
the thyroid to release calcitonin.
Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone. |
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Term
| Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the |
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Definition
parathyroid glands to release PTH.
PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood |
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Term
| Bone deposit and removal or resorption continually take place at the surface of the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bone deposit and removal or resorption continually take place at the surface of the periosteum and endosteum. These two processes are coordinated by packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called remodeling units |
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Term
| Sites of new matrix deposition are revealed by the which is unmineralized band of bone matrix |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone |
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Term
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Definition
| involves osteoclasts which secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix and acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms. Dissolved matrix is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown forming “Pagetic” bone with an excessively high ratio of woven to compact bone. The presence of Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, causes spotty weakening of bone. Osteoclast activity slows, but osteoblast activity continues to work resulting in abnormal bone remodeling. The disease is usually localized in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull. The causes are unknown but could possibly be viral. |
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Term
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Definition
| This condition involves a group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit. The spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable. This condition occurs most often in postmenopausal women. Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures!! |
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Term
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Definition
| bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones. The main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone. This condition is caused usually caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency. Rickets is the analogous disease in children. Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones. Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common |
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Term
| Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Hematoma formation |
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Definition
Hematoma formation:
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed |
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Term
| Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureThe fibrocartilaginous callus forms when: |
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Definition
The fibrocartilaginous callus forms when:
Osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstructing the bone.
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends.
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone.
Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete an externally bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies. |
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Term
| Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureBony callus formation |
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Definition
Bony callus formation
New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus.
Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus.
Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later. |
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Term
| Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureBone remodeling |
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Definition
Bone remodeling
Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed.
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains that a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it. Observations supporting Wolff’s law include the following facts. Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest) and curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Coonective tissue is made up of three parts |
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Definition
Cells - The cells are named according to the type of tissue that they are found in
In a matrix –The matrix may be liquid like blood plasma or solid like bone
With intracellular fibers – collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. |
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Term
| which contains large amounts of collagen and is found in places such as articular cartilages. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| which contains elastic fibers and is found in the pinna and other spots where elasticity is needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| which contains lines of fibroblasts and thick collagen fibers and is found in places subject to strong vertebral forces such as the intervertebral disks of the spinal column. |
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Term
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Definition
Contains trabeculae or flat plates of bone surrounded with bone marrow
open appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Haversian system bone |
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Term
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Definition
| spongy bone in the flat bone of the skull |
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Term
| the shaft of the bone; contains mostly compact bone |
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Definition
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Term
| the ends of the long bone; contains mostly spongy bone covered on the outside by compact bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| remnant of epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) where growth took place. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lines the shaft; contains osteoclasts (cells which break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells which manufacture bone matrix) |
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Definition
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Term
| Covers outside of bone; Sharpey’s fibers anchor it to the bone and Volkmann Canals provide a passageway for blood vessels originating in the periosteum to enter the bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| A layer of hyaline cartilage which cushions the ends of articulating bones |
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Definition
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Term
| Marrow cavity or medullary cavity- |
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Definition
| Contains yellow bone marrow (mostly fat) in the adult and red bone marrow (which makes blood cells) in infants. |
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Term
| Are The Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| large, blunt, irregular surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Projections That Help to Form Joints |
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Definition
| Head is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck. Facet is a smooth, nearly flat articular surface. Condyle is a rounded articular projection. Ramus is an arm like bar of bone. |
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Term
| shallow, basin like depression |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Depressions and Openings Allowing for Passage of Blood Vessels and Nerves |
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Definition
Meatus is a canal-like passageway.
Sinus is a cavity within a bone.
Fossa is a shallow, basin like depression.
Groove is a furrow.
Fissure is a narrow, slit like opening.
Foramen is a round or oval opening through a bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| which consist of concentric layers of bone matrix called lamellae |
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Term
| Inside holes or lacunae in the matrix you would find |
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Definition
| osteocytes (cells which maintain the bone matrix). These osteocytes are nourished and waste removed through canals called canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| which connect the osteocytes with the central Haversian canal blood vessels. These vessels connect with the periosteum through horizontal Volkmann canals. Areas between Haversian systems are filled with lamellar bone. |
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Term
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Definition
Squamous Region – The squamous region has a zygomatic process which meets the zygomatic bone of the face. The
mandibular fossa on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process receives the mandibular condyle forming the temperomandibular joint.
2. Tympanic Region – The tympanic region surrounds the external auditory meatus. Beneath this is the styloid process where muscles and ligaments attach. These structures hold the hyoid bone in place.
3. Mastoid Region - The mastoid process found here is a point where some of the neck muscles are anchored. It contains the mastoid sinuses.
4. Petrous Region – The petrous region forms part of the middle cranial fossa which supports the temporal lobes of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a depression supporting the pituitary gland (sphenoid bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| helps to secure the brain in the cranial cavity (ethmoid bone ) |
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Term
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Definition
Mandible, the mandibular condyle articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forming the tempormandibular joint.
Maxillary
Zygomatic
Nasal bones |
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Term
| Facial Skeleton (lcrimal, palatine, vomer and inferior nasal conchae) |
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Definition
Lacrimal Bones – The lacrimal bones are small bones located in the medial wall of each orbit. The lacrimal sulcus drains tears from the eye to the nasal cavity.
Palatine Bones – The palatine bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.
Vomer – The vomer bone joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forming part of the nasal septum.
Inferior Nasal Conchae – these bones form part of the lateral walls of the nasal |
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Term
| The vertebrae have different structures in different parts of the spinal cord and include: |
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Definition
| cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar and a sacrum (fused). The vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage. |
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Term
| cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar and a sacrum (fused). The vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage. |
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Definition
| All vertebrae have certain common features. They have a rounded body or centrum with two vertebral arches extending from it. The vertebral arches are composed of a lower portion or pedicle and an upper portion or lamina. The two sides meet in a spinous process. The transverse processes project laterally from the vertebral arch and superior and inferior articular processes allow articulation with adjacent vertebrae. |
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Term
| has superior articular facets the hold the occipital condyles of the skull. This arrangement makes it possible to nod your head |
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Definition
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Term
| The second cervical vertebra, the axis, |
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Definition
| has a pivot called an odontoid process which allows you to rotate your head as in nodding no. The remaining cervical vertebrae are small and except for C7, have a branched spinous process. The transverse process contains transverse foramina and the body is oval. |
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Term
| form the sacroiliac joints of the pelvis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of which attach to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper seven are attached to the sternum by indirect costal cartilages and are called true ribs. The other 5 are called false ribs. Some are joined indirectly by cartilage and the last 2 pairs are not joined at all and are called floating ribs. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle which attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk, the arms pelvic girdle which secures the lower limbs and the legs |
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Term
| The pectoral girdle has four bones |
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Definition
| two clavicles and two scapulae. It supports the arms and allows attachment of the muscles responsible for moving the arms. These pectoral girdle bones are only loosely attached to allow for flexibility but they are easily dislocated. The clavicles articulate with the sternum at the sterna end and with the accordion of the scapula at the armorial end. The scapula is a flat, triangular bone with three borders: the superior; the vertebral and the lateral or maxillary. The globoid fossa articulates with the hummers forming an unstable joint. The accordion articulates with the armorial end of the clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint which is very important in attaching the upper limb to the body. The coracoid process helps to anchor the biceps muscle. |
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Term
| The humerus is the sole bone in the upper arm its head fits into |
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Definition
| Its head fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula. At the distal end of the humerus we see the trochlea and capitulum which articulate with the radius and ulna. At the head of the humerus the greater and lesser tubercles are separated by the intertubercular groove. Which allow for muscle attachment. At the distal end of the humerus we see medial and lateral epicondyles. The ulnar nerve runs behind the medial epicondyle and gives rise to the sensation we refer to as hitting our “funny bone”. |
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Term
| Two bones, the radius and ulna make up the forearm. These bones articulate with each other at the |
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Definition
| radioulnar joint and are connected by an interosseous membrane. The ulna is a bit longer and is mostly responsible for forming the ulnar joint. At the proximal end of the ulna, we see the olecranon and coronoid process which are separated by the semilunar notch. This grips the trochlea forming a hinge joint allowing the arm to be bent. |
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Term
| Male and female pelvises may be differentiated in several ways |
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Definition
Female iliacs are more flared
The distance between the ischial spines and the ischial tuberosities in greater in females.
The female true pelvis outlet is wider.
the female pelvic cavity is shallow while the male’s is funnel shaped |
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Term
| Each os coxa has three parts |
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Definition
| the ilium, ischium and pubis. The ilium has an iliac crest at it s margin and connects posteriorly with the alae of the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint. The ischium has a posterior ischial tuberosity allowing a person to sit. The ischial spines point into the pelvic cavity. The distance between the ischial spines is used as a measure of the pelvic cavity. The greater sciatic notch allows blood vessels and the sciatic nerve to pass into the leg. The pubis is the anterior portion of the os coxa. The two pubic bones join together at the pubic symphysis. The obturator foramen allows for passage of muscles and nerves. These ilium, ischium and pubis meet to form the acetabulum which holds the head of the femur. |
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Term
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Definition
| is made up of two os coxae and the sacrum and coccyx. These bones are firmly attached to each other in order to bear the weight of the body. The pelvic girdle serves as an attachment point for the legs and protects the internal organs located in this region. |
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Term
| The femur is our longest, strongest bone. Proximally we see a head fitting |
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Definition
| into the acetabulum, and greater and lesser trochanters and the linea aspera which provide an attachment sites for muscles. At the distal end the lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia. The tibia and fibula form the lower leg. |
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Term
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Definition
Have Bones joined by fibrous tissue. No joint cavity is present.
Most of these joints are immovable |
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Term
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Definition
Sutures – Irregular edges of bone interlock and are bound by very short connective tissue fibers.
Syndesmoses – Bones are connected by short connective tissue fibers but do not interlock.
Gompohses – Teeth are secured in a bony sock by very short periodontal ligament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilaginous joints have bones joined by a plate of cartilage. They lack a joint cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Synchondroses – Bony parts are united by hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses- Bones connect by flat plate of hyaline cartilage. |
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Term
| are joined by a fluid containing joint cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Synovial Joints Include: |
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Definition
Articular capsule – Creates joint cavity. It consists of two layers synovial membrane and a fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.
Synovial membrane – Lines inner surface of joint cavity and secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction.
Articular cartilage – Hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces of the articulating bones.
Articular capsule – This is reinforced with ligaments |
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Term
| In order to decrease friction, the knee joint has four bursae on its anterior aspect: |
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Definition
Superficial infrapatellar
Suprapatellar
Prepatellar
Deep infrapatellar |
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Term
| The medial and lateral sides of the knee joint are supported by 2 collateral ligaments: |
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Definition
| fibular collateral ligament and the tibial collateral ligament. Lateral and medial menisci are found in the knee joint between the distal femoral and proximal tibial condyles/ these are connected by a transverse ligament. avascular |
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