Term
| Peace of Westphalia, 1644 |
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Definition
| Signed in Munster and Osnabruck. Germany broken into over 300 states. Blocked Counter Reformation, frustrated Austrian Habsburgs and stalled German national unification. Advent of international law. |
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| The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England. |
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| The Edict of Nantes, 1598 |
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Definition
The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. It marks the end of the religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of the 16th century.
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| William III of Orange, 1650 |
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Definition
| Prince of Orange 1650 and later Dutch stadholder. In 1677 married his cousin, Mary Stuart, daughter of King James II of England. Fought against Louis XIV beginning in 1672. In 1688 invited by English nobles to defend the Protestant cause by invading England. Resulted in the Glorious Revolution, which placed William and Mary jointly on the English throne. |
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| A historiated initial is an enlarged letter at the beginning of a paragraph or other section of text, which contains a picture; common in "illuminated manuscripts;" The earliest known example is in the St Petersburg Bede, an Insular manuscript of 731-46. |
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Louis XIV ruled longer than any other European monarch. Convinced of his own divine right to rule, Louis put into effect a series of policies that modernized aspects of French government while enhancing the power and prestige of the king. Towards the end of his reign, repressive policies towards Huguenots and a series of failed wars clouded his earlier successes.
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| generally refers to the transformation by which a society migrates from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship. It is also the name given to a general belief about history, namely that the development of society progresses toward modernization and lessening dependence on religion as religion loses its position of authority. |
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