Term
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Definition
| Being unresponsive to a particular antigen (ie, tolerating it in your body) |
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Term
| When does central tolerance occur? |
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Definition
| During the development of lymphocytes (ie, in primary lymphoid organs) |
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Term
| When does peripheral tolerance occur? |
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Definition
| After lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid organs |
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Term
| Where does B and T cell tolerance occur? |
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Definition
* B cells: bone marrow
* T cells: thymus |
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Term
| Tolerance is characterized by what type of selection process (ie, positive or negative)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism by which clones of lymphocytes are removed (clonal deletion) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fate of T cells that don't recognize self MHC? |
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Definition
| Death by neglect (via apoptosis) |
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Term
| Fate of T cells with very high affinity to self MHC |
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Definition
| Death by apoptosis (negative selection) |
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Term
| Fate of T cells with high affinity for self MHC and self antigen |
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Definition
| Death by apoptosis (negative selection) |
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Term
| Define receptor editing in the context of B cell central tolerance |
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Definition
| Reactivation of V(D)J recombinase to assemble B cell receptor (Ig) that does not recognize self MHC and self antigen |
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Term
| Two general mechanisms by which B cells can be inactivated during central tolerance |
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Definition
* Apoptosis
* Anergy (long-term inactivation) |
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Term
| Purpose of MHC restriction (ie, positive selection) of T cells |
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Definition
| Ensures that T cells recognize antigen only in the context of MHC. (Without MHC restriction, some T cells would be capable of recognizing unpresented antigen in the way that B cells do, and that would be bad.) |
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Term
| Four mechanisms of peripheral tolerance |
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Definition
* Anergy due to absence of costimulation
* T suppression
* Activation-induced apoptosis (increased Fas expression with persistent activation)
* Lack of presentation |
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Term
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Definition
* CNS (brain, including eye)
* Gonads (testes and ovaries)
* Placenta |
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Term
| How is the prevalence of autoimmune diseases distributed in men and women? |
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Definition
| 90% occurs in women (role of estrogen?) |
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Term
| Two general mechanisms of infection leading to autoimmune disease |
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Definition
* Molecular mimicry
* Molecular induction |
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Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with what type of self-reactive lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Campylobacter jejuni is associated with what autoimmune disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most autoimmune diseases are associated with effector molecules of what type? |
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Definition
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Term
| A critical failure in what cell type can lead to autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is rheumatic fever a focal or systemic disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibody-dependent autoimmune diseases that are either specific to one or two organs or are cell-type specific |
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Definition
* Grave's disease (thyroid)
* Myasthenia gravis (skeletal muscle)
* Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Myasthenia gravis associated with autoantibodies against what protein? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction |
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Term
| Grave's disease is associated with an autoantibody that binds to what receptor? What cell type is this receptor found on? |
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Definition
| TSH receptor on thyroid cells |
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Term
| Cold-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia is associated with what type of immunoglobulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| The complement system plays a part in cold- or warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of cold-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
| IgM binds RBCs at 32 C (cold), which activates complement with intravascular hemolysis |
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Term
| Mechanism of warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
| IgG binds RBCs at 37 C (body temp), which are phagocytosed by macrophages, causing extravascular hemolysis |
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Term
| Where does hemolysis occur in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)? |
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Definition
* Cold-type AIHA: intravascular
* Warm-type AIHA: extravascular |
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Term
| What antibody type is associated with warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by HIV and Mycoplasma pneumonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphoma is associated with what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infectious mononucleosis is a risk factor for what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What risk factors are common between cold- and warm-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Systemic lupus erythematosus is a risk factor for what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some types of cancer predispose patients to what type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Result of Coombs test in autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
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