Term
| Compare and contrast Sociology and Psychology. |
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Definition
Sociology studies human behavior in groups and how group dynamics affects that behavior.
Psychology studies individuals and how separate and different factors influence him or her. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of human behavior in group settings. |
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Term
| What are the "3 Truths" of Sociology? |
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Definition
1. All individuals belong to one or more groups.
2. All groups make agreements to live by.
3. All groups living by agreements makes up society. |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups and institutions that we consider ourselves to be part of such as age, gender, race, economic status, political affiliaton, religion, marital status, eduacational level, handicaps, and social class. |
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Term
| Define Sociological Perspective. |
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Definition
| How your thoughts and behavior are influenced by those, or the things, around you. Focuses on your experiences and how they relate to the larger social world. |
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Term
| What did C. Wright Mills mean when he spoke about biography and history? |
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Definition
| He meant that "history" is the fact that society is located in a broad stream of events, and "biography" refers to an individual's specific experiences. |
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Term
| What was C. Wright Mills' quote about biography and history? |
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Definition
| "The sociological imagination (or perspective) enables us to grasp the connection between history and biography." |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces that exist outside of the individual that shape attitudes, values, and behavior. |
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Term
| Who are considered the three main sociological theorists? |
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Definition
| Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. |
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Term
| Describe Karl Marx' Theory of Conflict. |
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Definition
You can explain human behavior in one word: ECONOMICS. The "lower class" is oppressed by the "upper class". He said two things must happen:
1. the "lower class" must gather and recognize their common plight, and
2. the "lower class" must overthrow the "upper class" in a bloody, violent revolution.
He claimed this would lead to a "class-less society" |
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Term
| What are five things that Marx' Conflict Theory didn't take into account? |
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Definition
1. There are more than two classes (middle class)
2. Individual effort
3. Social order
4. Motivation other than economics
5. Peaceful change (MLK) |
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Term
| What are five good changes that came from Marx' Conflict Theory? |
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Definition
1. Changes in the labor market
2. Safety on the job
3. Retirement and pension plans
4. Unions
5. Child Labor Laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory is an attempt to answer the question, "Why?" |
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Term
| What is Theory without Research? |
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Definition
| Very little information about the social life. |
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Term
| What is Research without Theory? |
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Definition
| A bunch of useless facts. |
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Term
| Where is Neo-Marxism being seen today? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Emile Durkheim's Theory of Functionalism. |
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Definition
| Society is a system of many inter-related parts, each part with its own function that works together for the common good. Society is a syste of structure and organization that is predictable and has patterns to it; of many inter-related parts that are strategically placed, that rely on one another, each part with its own function, that works together for the common good. |
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Term
| What happens when society breaks down in a Functionalism's view. |
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Definition
| Depression, recession, dysfunctional families; it is like the body getting a cold and stopping everything to get the body healed. |
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Term
| What did Durkheim say about Social Deviance? |
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Definition
| He said it is a necessary part of the function of society. There is a huge industry that relies on social deviances; a massive part of society would crumble and create an economic collapse for the whole society. Deviance also allows for the group to know its boundries. |
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Term
| Define Social Integration. |
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Definition
| The ties or moral standards that bind people together as a society. |
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Term
| What does Functionalism NOT account for? |
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Definition
1. Isolationists
2. Exceptions to the rule
3. When the "gears/wheels" break down |
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Term
| What was Max Weber's and G. Herbert Mead's Theory called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Society could be understoon by focusing on the individual-in-society or in small groups. "Society is made up of numerous and varied small groups where attitudes and behaviors are shaped by ontact in those small groups." Contact is social action according to Weber. Groups form by individual pursuit of common goals. |
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Term
| What is the importance of the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
| No other single event has had the effect on sociology as this event. We were an agricultural society before the Industrial Revolution, farms depended on family, we were a farming economy that had family as the central focus, and everything (law and order, education, religion, etc...) all depended on the family. The Industrial Revolution brought mass production, assembly lines, factories needed workers and they came from the farms. If affected where we lived, our jobs, our view of life, and interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
| Out of the three main theories of sociology, which are "Grand" and which are "Individual" Theories? |
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Definition
| There are two considered Grand: Conflict Theory and Functionalism and one considered Individual: Interactionism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making changes in society in an effort to improve it. |
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Term
| What are the 8 steps to the Scientific Process? |
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Definition
1. Select a topic.
2. Define the problem.
3. Review the literature.
4. Formulate a hypothesis.
5. Choose a research method.
6. Collect the data.
7. Analyze the results.
8. Share the results. |
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Term
| What are the six Research Methods? |
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Definition
1. Survey
2. Participant Observation (Field Work)
3. Secondary Analysis
4. Documents (historical)
5. Unobtrusive measures
6. Experiments |
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Term
| How do you choose a Research Method? |
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Definition
| Pick the one that will best answer your particular question. |
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Term
| What are the four issues you need to address when conducting a research survey? |
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Definition
1. Selecting a sample (want random)
2. Asking neutral questions
3. Types of questions (Open- or Closed-Ended)
4. Establish a rapport (anonymity, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture is all things that people have along with the things they do and what they think. |
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Term
| Give examples of Tangible Culture. |
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Definition
| Jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, eating utensils, hairstyles, clothing. |
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Term
| Give examples of Intangible Culture. |
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Definition
| Group's way of thinking, beliefs, views and values, common patterns of behavior, language, gestures. |
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Term
| What are five ways Language allows Culture to exist? |
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Definition
1. Allows human experience to be cumulative.
2. Provide a social or shared past.
3. Provide a social or shared future.
4. Allows shared perspective.
5. Allows complex, shared, goal-directed behavior. |
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Term
| Define Cultural Diffusion. |
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Definition
| The spread of ideas from one culture to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| One views their culture as the only right way to live and all others are wrong. (Reitmanians) |
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Term
| Define Cultural Relativity. |
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Definition
| Cultures are neither right or wrong. They are only different. Culture is diverse. (Humbolens, Lefola) |
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Term
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Definition
| Our biological limitations and potentials versus our cultural experiences. These two play off each other; you can take a limitation and turn it into a potential/ability. You can also have incredible potential but become a loser. Your biological side is what YOU bring to the table and the cultural experiences are what you TAKE from the table. |
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Term
| What was Charles Horton Cooley's theory? |
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Definition
| The Looking Glass Theory. |
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Term
| What are the three steps of Cooley's Looking Glass Theory? |
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Definition
1. Presentation: in our mind, we decide how we "look" to others and then view ourselves as we think others see us.
2. Indentification Stage: in our minds we decide how others are reacting to the way we must look.
3. Interpretation Stage: the sense of self develops based on how we think others are reacting to us. |
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Term
| What was George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization (or self development)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the two parts to "Role-taking". |
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Definition
1. "I", the active, spontaeous, unrestrained, natural self. The self as subject. Initiator of all thoughts and ideas. Subject is doing the viewing.
2. "ME", the restrained, socially aware, responsible self, self as object on display and being viewed.
We balance the two and as we mature, we use "ME" more often. |
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Term
| What are Freud's three stages of Personality Development? |
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Definition
ID: Inborn Drives, represents our biological drives. Based on the Pleasure Principle. Self-gratification, appetities, lust, greed, impatience.
EGO: Based on the Reality Principle. The "safety valve" between ID and SUPEREGO. Represents our rational behavior. Searches for acceptable responses (in our own mind) between what we want and society, self-control, behavior modification, and coping mechanisms.
SUPEREGO: represents our social conscience. Based on Moral Principle. Right and wrong, social responsibility, reflects our ideals, perfection-seeking, drives and social demand. |
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Term
| Define Significant Others and give examples. |
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Definition
| The people we identify as the important people in our social world that shape and mold us into the person we are becoming; parents, siblings, friends, teachers, ministers. |
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Term
| List and give examples of the Five Agents of Socialization. |
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Definition
1. Primary - Family
2. Close friends, peer groups
3. School, including teachers
4. Media
5. Workplace |
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Term
| List the 7 components of Culture. |
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Definition
1. Geographical and historical forces shape culture.
2. Culture is both tangible and intangible and the two cannot be separated (things have meaning).
3. Culture is learned. One of the key ways is language.
4. Culture is the pathway to satisfying our needs.
5. People share ideas, inventions, and materials from other cultures.
6. One's culture is used as a standard to judge other cultures.
7. Culture is diverse (counter cultures and subcultures) |
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Term
| Define Subculture and give examples. |
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Definition
A group of people who possess distinctive traits that sets them apart from the larger group.
Regional (where you live), age (Senior Citizens), social class occupation (teachers). |
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Term
| Define Counter Culture and give examples. |
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Definition
Special type of subculture where differences clash with the larger culture.
Extremist groups, Aryan Nation, Black Panthers |
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