Term
If the solute concentration is greater outside the cell:
It allows water to leave the cell and results in |
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Definition
| plasmolysis (cell shrinks) |
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Term
If the solute concentration is greater inside the cell:
It allows water to enter the cell and results in |
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Definition
| osmotic lysis(cell bursts) |
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Term
| Cells that are placed in a hypotonic solution will undergo |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that are placed in hypertonic solution will undergo |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two types of passive transport |
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Definition
| simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
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Term
does not require ATP.
It is based on the development of concentration gradients.
Solutes move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The higher the concentration gradient between two regions, the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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only occurs with:
Lipid soluble molecules
Molecules small enough to pass through the membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
does not require ATP.
Molecules are brought across the plasma membrane by carrier proteins called permeaseproteins |
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Definition
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Term
act as carriers by changing their three-dimensional shape.
Molecules too large to fit into a _____ are chopped into smaller pieces by enzymes secreted by the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
Efflux pumping
ABC transport systems
Group translocation |
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Definition
| There are three types of active transport: |
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Term
involves proteins called the super family of transporters.
It employs a revolving door mechanism -
The energy source is the proton motive force of electron transport.
It is efficient because two functions (intake and output) occur at the same time. |
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Definition
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Term
| efflux pumping employs a revolving door mechanism |
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Definition
| pumps bring in certain molecules and expel others at the same time |
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Term
are very complex and involve several proteins.
The molecule to be transported binds to a protein on the outside of the plasma membrane.
It is handed off to a complex of proteins located in the plasma membrane.
These proteins then transport the molecule into the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
ABC Transport Systems |
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Term
It helps make sure molecules stay inside the cell.
An enzyme attaches a phosphate to the molecule, preventing the molecule from leaving the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
Group translocation is unique to bacteria.
It is very energy expensive and uses _____ instead of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
The plasma membrane is also involved in this.
is the movement of substances out of a cell.
It involves several membrane proteins that act in specific sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is not a virulence factor but it is a primary target for antibiotics. |
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Definition
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Term
can:
Inhibit DNA replication.
Destroy the ability to produce energy.
Cause loss of membrane integrity and destruction of the cell. |
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Definition
| Damage to the plasma membrane |
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Term
Bacteria have no nucleus.
The region where DNA is located is called the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bacteria usually have only one circular chromosome which contains |
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Definition
| all of the genetic information required by the organism. |
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Term
are extra-chromosomal pieces of DNA that are separate from the main DNA structure.
Some bacteria can carry more than one.
often carry genes for toxins and resistance to antibiotics.
can be transferred from one cell to another through pili during conjugation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Because DNA is the genetic blueprint for the organism, any disruption or damage to it can |
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Definition
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Term
DNA is therefore a primary target for antibiotics
This type of therapy is routinely used for |
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Definition
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Term
| carry genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| More active bacteria contain more active numbers of |
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Definition
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Term
Each ribosome is composed of two subunits.
The subunits remain apart till |
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Definition
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Term
| The inhibition of protein synthesis is a lethal event so ribosomes are a major target for |
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Definition
|
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Term
| are membrane-enclosed organelles used to store important materials. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are several types of inclusion bodies |
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Definition
Those that store glycogen.
Metachromatic granules store phosphates in Corynebacterium species. |
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Term
are formed through the process of sporulation.
They form when a bacterium is exposed to great environmental stress.
The process is restricted to Gram-positive bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
They confer a type of dormancy on the cell.
They are extremely resistant to heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV irradiation, and antibiotics.
Bacteria can survive for extraordinary lengths of time in the ______ state. |
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Definition
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Term
is a complex series of steps.
The first step is replication.
The second step is the sequestration of a copy of the chromosome.
This chromosome copy is surrounded by a septum |
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Definition
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Term
The third step is formation of the _____
Large amounts of peptidoglycan are deposited round the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
In the last step, the rest of the original cell deteriorates and degrades.
Bacterial genetic information is protected inside the endospores |
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Definition
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Term
of the endospore back into a vegetative cell occurs when the environmental stress has subsided.
The endospore accepts water molecules, swells, and cracks.
The water activates metabolism and the cell begins to grow. |
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Definition
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Term
If a bacterium is pathogenic when it undergoes sporogenesis, it will be pathogenic once it emerges.
Endospores are resistant to almost all |
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Definition
| disenfectsnt, antiseptics, and antibiotics |
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Term
| Endospres are also resistant to _______ and can cause severe problems for the food industry, for example Clostridium botulinum. |
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Definition
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Term
struct dirct clin rev tar 4 antibio
cell wall yes yes
glycocalyx yes no
fimbriae yes no
pili yes no
axial fila yes no
flagella yes no
plasma memb no yes
DNA no yes
ribosomes no yes
inclusi body no no
endospores yes no |
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Definition
cell wall
glycocalyx
fimbriae
pili
axial filaments
flagella
plasma membrane
DNA
ribosomes
inclusion bodies
endospores |
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Term
| why is bacterial growth so important |
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Definition
Increase in numbers is one of the requirements for infection.
This increase is dependent upon bacterial growth. |
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Term
have specific growth requirements.
These specific requirements allow for a maximum increase in numbers of ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| of pathogens help to defeat the host defense. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each division of bacteria is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| The time between bacterial divisions is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ the generation time, the faster the number of bacteria increases within the host. |
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Definition
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Term
| How well bacteria grow depends on the |
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Definition
| environment in which the organism live |
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Term
| Growth requirements can be divided into two major categories: |
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Definition
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Term
| is defined by an increase in numbers of organsims by all divisions |
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Definition
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Term
or budding
bacteria divide primarily by this |
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Definition
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Term
parent cellls replicate DNA
both molecules of DNA attach to the plasma membrane
lipid and protwin synthesis cause membrane growth
cause DNA nucleus to move apart
mitochondrial and wall grow thru midsection of the cell and divide the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| The physical requirements for bacterial growth fall into three classifications |
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Definition
Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure |
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Term
bacteria can beseperated according to temp renges they grow best
psychrophiles
mesophiles
thermophiles |
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Definition
grow @ cold temperatures
grow @ moderate temperatures
grow @ high temps |
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Term
| is the lowest temp @ which an organism grows |
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Definition
| minimum growth temperture |
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Term
| is the highest temp @ which an organism grows |
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Definition
| maximum growth temperature |
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Term
sll organisms have this. the temp they grow @ best.
is the temperature at which the highest rate of growth occurs.
The optimum growth temperature varies between bacterial types. |
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Definition
| optimum growth temperature |
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Term
Increased temperature breaks chemical bonds.
This causes changes in the __________
These changes can inhibit or destroy the ability for the molecules to ___________ |
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Definition
three dimensional structure
function properly |
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Term
Variable temperature requirements are seen in certain diseases.
____________ (the causative agent of syphilis) likes lower temperatures.
Lesions are first seen on exterior parts of the body including lips, tongue, and genitalia. |
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Definition
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Term
(the causative agent of leprosy) also likes lower temperatures.
Lesions are first seen on the extremities of the body including the face, ears, hands, feet, and fingers |
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Definition
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Term
Bacteria grow in a wide range of pH values.
Most bacteria prefer the neutral pH |
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Definition
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Term
Some bacteria are _______ that grow at extremely low pH values
ex: lactobacillus (yogurt) tolerates mild acidity |
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Definition
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Term
| (causes stomach and duodenal ulcers) grows at a low pH value but is not an acidophile. |
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Definition
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Term
works best @ 5.4-8.4 pH
most pathogenic bacteria is this |
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Definition
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Term
works best @ this pH
7.0 - 11.5 |
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Definition
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Term
is the pressure exerted on bacteria by their environment.
One of the major agents exerting such pressure is water.
can inhibit bacterial growth. |
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Definition
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Term
can be used to preserve food (cure meats).
Cause a hypertonic environment and plasmolysis.
This is an imperfect way to preserve food because some bacteria are halophilicand thrive in high salt concentrations. |
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Definition
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Term
can be divided into:
Obligate
extreme
falcultative |
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Definition
|
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Term
| requiring high levels of salt |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| requiring a high salt concentration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| can grow either w/ or w/out high salt levels |
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Definition
|
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Term
| requiring very high salt concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| requiring high slat concentration |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| –can grow either with or without high salt levels |
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Definition
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Term
Optimal osmotic pressure
Optimal temperature range
Optimal pH range |
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Definition
| The human body provides bacteria with the following: |
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Term
| the are 4 phases of bacterial growth |
|
Definition
lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase |
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Term
Environmental pH
Oxygen level
Availability of nutrients
Temperature |
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Definition
| Generation times vary between bacterial species and are heavily influenced by |
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Term
bacteria are adjusting to their environment
This varies depending on the organisms and the environment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the number of bacteria doubles exponentially
There is a constant minimum generation time.
This phase lasts only as long as a suitable level of nutrients is available.
Bacteria are the most metabolically active and most susceptible to antibiotics |
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Definition
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Term
the number of cells dividing is equal to the number dying
It is caused by a decreasing availability of nutrients. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
a continuous decline in the number of dividing cells
It is caused by the exhaustion of the nutrient supply and by a build-up of metabolic waste |
|
Definition
| Death phase (logarithmic decline phase) – |
|
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Term
| like in a moderatew eniroment 37c |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth. those that prefer immoderate environments |
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Definition
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