soil

a loose mixture of small mineral fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation.

parent rock

The rock that breaks down into mineral fragments that form a soil is called

bedrock

the layer of rock beneath soil

residual soil

Soil that remains above its parent rock

transported soil

Soil that is carried away from its parent rock by ice, gravity, wind, water, 

properties of soil

• composition
• texture
• fertility
• horizons
• pH

hummus

the organic material that forms in soil from the decayed remains of plants and animals

topsoil

the top layer of soil