Term
| How many deciduous/primary and permanent/secondary teeth are there? |
|
Definition
| 20 deciduous/primary, 32 secondary/permanent teeth |
|
|
Term
| How many secondary teeth are considered "de novo"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the deciduous dentition designated? |
|
Definition
| A-T starting at upper right |
|
|
Term
| How is permanent dentition designated? |
|
Definition
| 1-32 starting at upper right |
|
|
Term
| WHen does tooth formation begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do babies start to get teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you start to lose baby teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do your first set of de novo permanent teeth erupt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what time are your baby teeth all gone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does your second set of denovo permanent teeth erupt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do your third set of denovo teeth erupt? |
|
Definition
| 18 yrs old (third molars or wisdom teeth) |
|
|
Term
| Name a very common isolated tooth abnormality. |
|
Definition
| absence of one or both upper lateral incisors |
|
|
Term
| What causes malformed teeth? |
|
Definition
| genetics mostly but also syphilis aquired in utero during the third trimester which is congenital but NOT hereditary |
|
|
Term
| What type of tooth malformations are associated with congenital syphilis? |
|
Definition
| hutchinson incisors (central dip in incisors), screw driver edge to teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acid demineralization of enamel via fermentation of sugar by step mutans |
|
|
Term
| What chemical in the drinking water makes enamel resistant to dental caries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension of dental caries into vascular soft tissue of the tooth |
|
|
Term
| What are possible periapical lesions associated with dental caries? |
|
Definition
| when caries extend through apical foramen it can cause abscess, granuloma or cyst |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible complications of dental caries once they have extended past the apical foramen? |
|
Definition
| fistula, cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain abscess |
|
|
Term
| What is the periodontium? |
|
Definition
| gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone (even though gingivitis is thought to be independent of periodontitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms, dead cells, mucous, carbs, and other organic matter and minerals deposited on teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka calculus, is grossly calcific plaque |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria are associated with periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, prevotella intermedia, and porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
|
Term
| What clincal scenarios are associated with gingival and periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, medication use, diabetes, herpes virus infection, HIV-AIDS, acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis (ANUG), gangrenous stomatitis (NOMA) |
|
|
Term
| What type of organisms are associated with ANUG and NOMA? |
|
Definition
| oral fusosprichetal organisms |
|
|
Term
| What medication causes hyperplastic gingivitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What SYSTEMIC diseases are associated with periodontal disease? |
|
Definition
| AIDS, Leukemia, Crohn's disease, DM, Down's, sarcoidosis, infective endocarditis, brain/lung abscess, adverse pregnancy, neutrophil disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, secondary amyloidosis |
|
|
Term
| T/F Periodontitis indicates risk for CHD and stroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the link between periodontitis and CHD and stroke? |
|
Definition
| periodontitis is the only non-arterial inflammation shown to affect LpPLA-2, which is implicated in rupture prone plaques |
|
|
Term
| What is the only FDA approved blood test to assess risk of CHD/ischemic stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connection between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis? |
|
Definition
| Porphyromonas gingivalis exculsively expresses endogenous citrullinated self-proteins and is prominent in 75% of new onset RA causes. |
|
|
Term
| Does it make a difference to treat RA early? |
|
Definition
| YES! early tx is critical, esp within first year of occurence |
|
|
Term
| What is Epulis or Epulides? |
|
Definition
| gingival/alveolar mucosal mass |
|
|
Term
| What are different types of epulis? |
|
Definition
| fibroma, ossifying fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, and giant cell granuloma |
|
|
Term
| Which two epulides appear identical and how do you distinguish them? |
|
Definition
| giant cell granuloma and a brown tumor appear identical. Must rule out hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Which epulides is associated with pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| pyogenic granulomas, will regress post-partum |
|
|
Term
| T/F Oral herpes virus type 1 infection is very common. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the disease process of infection with oral herpes virus type 1. |
|
Definition
first infection: acute gingivostomatitis with hyperemia, vesicles, ulcers, malaise and fever
afterwards, virus is in trigeminal ganglion and can break out at oral/nasalmucocutaneous junctions. Repeated intra oral outbreak is unusual |
|
|
Term
| Repeated intraoral outbreak of herpes virus type 1 indicates... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aphthous ulcer. this is a very common sore found on movable mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post-trauma (self-biting) that is immune mediated via direct T-lymphocyte action |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take apthae to heal? |
|
Definition
| about 2 weeks, doesn't leave a scar |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of apthae? |
|
Definition
| minor (common), major (larger, stay longer), and herpetiform (clustered, multiple, tiny) |
|
|
Term
| Ulcers/stomatitis similar to Apthae can be seen in what diseases? |
|
Definition
| celiacs, crohns, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| What finding on oral physical exam is characteristic for crohn's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common oral fungal pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does candida present? |
|
Definition
| classically a white, thickish, superficial dislodgeable plaque on hyperemic mucosa (pseudomembranous or thrush type) but sometimes there is only hyperemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the associated factors of thrush? |
|
Definition
| smoking, antibiotics, diabetes, immunocompromise |
|
|
Term
| Besides candidiasis, what is another fungal infection of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| histoplasmosis, if you see it in the mouth it is likely systemic as well |
|
|
Term
| Patients without teeth are at risk for what type of infection? |
|
Definition
| angular stomatitis caused by candida because they over close their mouths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinical term for white, mucosal, non-dislodgable plaque that is not otherwise specified |
|
|
Term
| Leukoplakia indicates what sorts of disease processes? |
|
Definition
| hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, dysplasia, SCCa-in-situ, invasive SCCa |
|
|
Term
| Where are the high risk areas for leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| soft palate, lateral border of tongue, ventral tongue and oral floor |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression from normal oral mucosa to cancer and the associated mutations? |
|
Definition
normal--- 9p21 (p16) 3p --> hyperplasia
--- 17p13 (p53)--> dysplasia
--- 11q13 (cyclin D)--> SCCa-in-situ
--- 4q, 6p, 8p, 13q --> invasive SCCa |
|
|
Term
| What is Erythroplakia or erythro-leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| red, maybe white, less common but likelier severe dysplasia and overt cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is Erythroplakia or erythro-leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| red, maybe white, less common but likelier severe dysplasia and overt cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. multiple intractable lesions that progresses to cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is hairy leukoplakia? |
|
Definition
| seen in the immunocompromised and involves the lateral tongue border. can occur +/- EBV or HPV or candida infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka black hairy tongue. Found on the dorsal tongue and due to elongated papillae. Has numerous associations. |
|
|
Term
| What is stomatitis nicotina? |
|
Definition
| caused by smoking but does not by itself increase your risk for cancer |
|
|
Term
| What increases your risk for oral/pharyngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| sunligh, tobacco, alcohol, betel quid (areca nut/slaked lime, tobacco/betel leaf), erythroplakia, leukoplakia, and previous cancer |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer accounts for 95% of oral malignant tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 5 year survival rate of oral cancer? |
|
Definition
| ~50%, (cancer on lip has much better prognosis) |
|
|
Term
| What variants of SCCa are highly malignant and which has a low grade malignancy? |
|
Definition
| spindle cell and basaloid variants are highly malignant. Verrucous variant is low grade |
|
|
Term
| What oral cancer commonly occurs in young individuals (<30) without identified risks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the mouth are the high risk areas for oral cancer? |
|
Definition
| soft palate, tip of tongue, back of tongue and on the oral floor (underneath tongue) |
|
|
Term
| What are dentigerous cysts? |
|
Definition
| surround the crown of non-erupted tooth |
|
|
Term
| What is the second most common jaw cyst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an odontogenic keratocyst? |
|
Definition
| aka keratinizing odontogenic tumor. They are large and recurrent and part of nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome. Autosomal dominant mutations in tumor suppressor gene PTCH on 9q22 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hamartoma of dental tissue, can have an associated cyst or tumor |
|
|
Term
| What is an ameloblastoma? |
|
Definition
| basaloid epithelial neoplasm in the jaw area that will recur if not excised. Must rule out a "unicystic" type versus a non-neoplastic cyst |
|
|
Term
| Rhinitis and sinusitis are mostly caused by... |
|
Definition
| viruses (echo, adeno, and rhino) |
|
|
Term
| What is a difference on physical exam between rhinitis/sinuisitis due to virusl versus due to secondary bacterial infection? |
|
Definition
viral: edema and catarrhal exudate/discharge
bacterial: pus |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for hay fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes acute sinusitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obstruction due to acute sinusitis can lead to... |
|
Definition
| empyema or abacterial mucocele |
|
|
Term
| What are common places URT inflammatory disease an spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you suspect kartagener's syndrome, what symptoms/signs should you look for? |
|
Definition
| sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus |
|
|
Term
| What viruses commonly cause pharyngitis and laryngitis? |
|
Definition
| usual URT viruses pluse RSV and some influenza strains |
|
|
Term
| Follicular tonsilitis is caused by which bacteria? |
|
Definition
| staph aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| Staph aureus and beta hemolytic stremptococcus typically cause which diseases? |
|
Definition
| follicular tonsillitis, post-streptococcal ehrumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis, respectively |
|
|
Term
| T/F TB can cause laryngitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause laryngoepiglottitis in infants? |
|
Definition
| RSV, H. influenzae, and beta hemolytic strep |
|
|
Term
| Besides viruses and bacteria what else can cause laryngitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laryngotracheobronchitis with inspiratory stridor that occurs in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperplastic inflammatory mases that can obstruct the antrum and/or air passage |
|
|
Term
| Name different types of URT papillomas. |
|
Definition
| squamous, cylindric cell, and inverted |
|
|
Term
| Which virus is associated with mulitple squamous papillomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple squamous papillomas that occur with HPV 6 and 11 occur where? in what population? are treated how? and what is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| larynx, mostly children, surgically remove so pt can breathe, not precancerous and often regress at puberty |
|
|
Term
| What is a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma? |
|
Definition
| occurs in teentage males and is agressive and bleeds alot. Avoid biopsy because vessels can't constrict |
|
|
Term
| What mass often resembles a normal turbinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a sinonasal inverted papilloma cancerous? |
|
Definition
| it may occur with other neoplasms or transition to them |
|
|
Term
| Where does an olfactory neuroblastoma occur? What is another name for it? |
|
Definition
| mucosa of superolateral nose. aka esthesioneuroblastoma (a neuroendocrine cell tumor) |
|
|
Term
| What cancers are associated with the maxillary sinus? |
|
Definition
| SCCa, lymphoma; plasmcytomas |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis and treatment of a maxillary sinus plasmacytoma? |
|
Definition
| they look bad but they are curable sugically and rarely progress to multiple myeloma |
|
|
Term
| A cancer found in the nasopharynx is most often.. |
|
Definition
| SCCa that is either keratinizing, nonkeratinizing or undifferentiated |
|
|
Term
| What is often the first sign of a nasopharnyx SCCa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus is associated with Nasopharynx SCCa? |
|
Definition
| EBV (except for keratinizing type) |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat nasopharnx SCCa and what is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| radiosensitive, good 3 year survival |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cancer is found in the larynx? Where specifically in the larynx is it most often found? What symptoms does it present as? What are the risk factors for developing it? What is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| SCCa; true cords; hoaseness; alcohol/smoking; many cured, 1/3 fatal |
|
|
Term
| What stain can help identify an olfactory neuroblastoma? |
|
Definition
| will be chromogranin positive |
|
|
Term
| SCCa of the larynx is associtaed with what precancerou lesion? |
|
Definition
| squamous epithelial hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are general causes of necrotizing lesions of the midface? |
|
Definition
| cancer (NK T cell lymphoma), infection (mucor fungi), granulomatous vasculitis (wegener granulomatosis), post infarction pseudoneoplasia (necrotizing sialometplasia) |
|
|
Term
| How does NK T cell lymphoma cause a necrotizing lesion of the mid face? What virus is associated with this? |
|
Definition
it is angiocentric/angioinvasive
EBV |
|
|
Term
| How does Wegener granulomatosis cause a necrotizing lesion of the midface? |
|
Definition
| inflammation that affects small to medium arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules |
|
|
Term
| How does mucor fungi cause necrotizing lesions of the mid face? |
|
Definition
| invade blood vessels during a diabetic coma and then extend into the brain (rhinocerebral mucormycosis |
|
|
Term
| How does necrotizing sialometaplasia cause a necrotizing lesion of the midface? |
|
Definition
| infarction of palatal salivary glands with ductal metaplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are the characterisitcs of the mucor species on light microsocpy? |
|
Definition
| non septate hyphae with non-uniform dia. and branching at 90 degree angle |
|
|
Term
| What is a thyroglossal tract cyst? |
|
Definition
| seen in the midline between the thyroid origin at the base of the tongue and the normal location of the gland in the neck |
|
|
Term
| What is a paraganglioma? What is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| chemodectoma/carotid body tumor. Found at carotid bifurcation and is a tumor of the parasympathetic nerves. May recur and metastasize even if it looks benign. Mortality is ~ 50% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratinous squamous cell cyst secondary to chronic otitis media that can be destructive |
|
|
Term
| What are some benign lesions of the salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| stone (sialolith), mucocele, and autoimmune sialadenitis |
|
|
Term
| Where does a sialolith usually occur and what are the symptoms/sequelae? |
|
Definition
| submandibular duct causes obstruction, pain and swelling and possibly infection |
|
|
Term
| What causes a mucocele in the salivary gland? What is it characterized by? |
|
Definition
| 2ndary to broken salivary duct. Causes extravasated mucin, inflammation and granulation tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of autoimmune sialadenitis? |
|
Definition
| targets salivary and lacrimal gland acini causes dry mouth and eyes |
|
|
Term
| What do you need to diagnose Sjogren syndrome? |
|
Definition
| diagnosis of autoimmune sialadenitis with another autoimmune disease present |
|
|
Term
| What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca? |
|
Definition
| dry eyes due to an inability to produce tears |
|
|
Term
| Where/what is the most common salivary gland tumor? |
|
Definition
| parotid gland, pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common MALIGNANT salivary gland tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three grades of mucoepidermoid carcinoma? |
|
Definition
low- mostly cystic, more mucous cells
intermediate- solid areas, fewer mucous cells and some mitoses
high-grade- mostly solid, squamous cells, pleomophism, more mitoses, necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is an adenoid cystic carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| salivary gland tumor that is slow-growing, involves basaloid cells, hyalin, cribiform pattern, and neurotropic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor of salivary gland that is a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum that is virtually only in the parotid and most in males. Sometimes bilateral. May contain bright-red oncocytes |
|
|
Term
| T/F Diptheria can cause laryngitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
