Term
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Definition
originally defined as a filterable agent but now they are defined as obligate intracellular parasites with an RNA or DNA genome |
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Term
T/F Human genome contains viral DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
T/F Rabies, polio, smallpox, yellow fever, and measles are all relatively recent viral diseases in the history of humans. |
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Definition
False, they are considered "ancient diseases" because they have been around for a long time |
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Term
The term virus is derived from a Latin word meaning... |
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Definition
a slimy liquid or a poisonous liquid |
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Term
What was the first human virus discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
How are viruses classified? |
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Definition
by the disease they cause, their mode of transmission, structure, and biochemical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
anywhere from 20 nm to 300 nm |
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Term
Nucleocapsid and capsid proteins are typical of what kinds of viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
Which DNA virus is bigger: a parvovirus or a poxvirus? |
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Definition
poxvirus (300 versus 25 nm) |
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Term
Which RNA virus is bigger a picornavirus or a paramyxovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of parvoviruses? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a hepadnavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a papovavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of an adenovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a herpes virus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the DNA of a poxvirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a picornavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a calicivirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a reovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a togavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a flavivirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a rhabdovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a paramyxovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of an orthomyxovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a retrovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a filovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of an arenavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a bunyavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the genome of a coronavirus? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the two simplest capsid structures. |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the icosahedral capsid structure. |
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Definition
20 triangular faces; 5:3:2 symmetry |
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Term
What are the parts formed together to make a mature capsid? |
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Definition
protomers -> capsomers -> procapsid -> mature capsid |
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Term
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Definition
the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid genome |
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Term
What's the difference between capsomers and protomers? |
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Definition
capsomers are the repeating protein subunits that make up the capsid. Protomers are the polypeptide chains which make up the capsomers |
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Term
What do you call capsids composed of multiple copies of a single kind of protein subunit in a close-packed helix? |
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Definition
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Term
What are some examples of helical capsids? |
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Definition
rhabdovirus (VSV), influenza, tobacco mosaic virus |
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Term
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Definition
the complete virus particle |
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Term
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Definition
the capsid proteins associated with the viral nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
proteins associated with the viral nucleic acid |
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Term
What is the viral envelope? |
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Definition
membrane composed of lipids, proteins and glycoproteins that is obtained from the cellular membranes. Virus encoded envelope proteins or "spikes" serve as the viral attachment proteins |
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Term
What type of capsid does the adenovirus have? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the outer coverings of a herpes virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the outer coverings of the influenza virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the outer coverings of HIV? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the different ways a virus can enter a cell? |
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Definition
fusion with the cell membrane either at cell membrane or in an endosome or receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Term
What are the different types of RNA viruses? |
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Definition
can be + or - polarity, single-stranded or double-stranded, circular or linear, unimolecular or segmented. |
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Term
Where do RNA viruses generally replicate? |
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Definition
in the cytoplasm (retrovirus and influenza are exceptions) |
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Term
What does it mean for an RNA virus to be negative or positive? |
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Definition
+ means the genome is used as mRNA, - means the viral polymerase produces mRNA |
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Term
What are the different types of DNA genomes? |
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Definition
single-stranded, double stranded, circular and linear |
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Term
Where do DNA viruses generally replicate? |
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Definition
in the nucleus (poxvirus is the exception) |
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Term
In general which viruses are more dependent on host machinery and which are more independent and encode thier own enzymes and proteins? |
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Definition
smaller is more dependent, larger encodes its own |
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Term
What are the different classes of genes in the life cycle of herpesvirus? |
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Definition
imediate early, early and late |
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Term
Describe the herpes life cycle. |
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Definition
1) Circularization of genome oand transcription of immediate-early genes 2) alpha proteins, products of immediate-early genes, stimulate transcription of early genes 3) beta-proteins, products of early genes, function in DNA replication, yielding concatemeric DNA. Late genes are trnascribed 4) gamma proteins, products of late genes, participate in virion assembly |
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Term
Hepatitis is caused by what viruses? |
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Definition
HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, CMV, and EBV |
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Term
What viruses cause encephalitis? |
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Definition
HSV, togaviruses, vlaviviruses, rabies, picornaviruses |
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Term
What viruses cause meningitis? |
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Definition
enteroviruses, mumps, HSV-2 and VZV |
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Term
Rotavirus, caliciviruses, and adenoviruses (40-41) all cause disease the in... |
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Definition
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Term
Which viruses cause the common cold? |
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Definition
rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses |
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Term
What viruses cause disease in the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
influenza, parainfluenza, ReSV, adenoviruses |
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Term
What viruses cause congenital and neonatal infections? |
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Definition
CMV, parvovirus B19, rubella, HSV, HIV, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis |
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Term
What viruses cause congenital and neonatal infections? |
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Definition
CMV, parvovirus B19, rubella, HSV, HIV, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis |
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Term
What are examples of viruses that present as localized infections of the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
influenza and the common cold (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses) |
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Term
What viruses can cause disseminated infections via respiratory transmission? |
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Definition
varicella-zoster virus, measles |
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Term
What is an early physical sign of disseminated infection with the measles virus? |
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Definition
koplik's spots (white spots on the buccal mucosa) |
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Term
What type of virus is the measles? |
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Definition
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Term
Which virus causes the chicken pox and shingles? |
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Definition
varicella zoster virus (HHV-3) |
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Term
Name the important viruses that are spread fecal-orally. |
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Definition
picornavirus, rotavirus, reovirus, caliciviruses, astrovirus, adenovirus |
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Term
What virus is a frequent cause of acute disease outbreaks on cruise ships and in day care centers and nursing homes? |
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Definition
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Term
What virus causes about 50% of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children under 2 years? |
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Definition
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Term
Which viruses are fecal oral and cause GI symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea? |
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Definition
norovirus, rotavirus, astroviruses, and adenoviruses |
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Term
Which viruses have fecal oral transmission but cause disease at a secondary site? |
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Definition
enteroviruses (in the piconavirus family: poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus and enterovirus) and hepatitis A and E |
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Term
Give examples of chronic viral diseases. |
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Definition
HIV, hepatitis, HTLV-1 (hep B is a chronic disease while HIV and HTVL-1 are chronic with late disease) |
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Term
When was the last US case of small pox? When was the last naturally occurring case of small pox? |
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Definition
1949, 1977 in Somalia (certified eradication in Dec. 1979) |
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Term
What are the different types of zoonoses? |
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Definition
arboviruses (togaviruses [alpha], flaviviruses, bunyaviruses), pox viruses (orf, monkeypox), hantavirus (deer mouse), rabies (bats, raccoons, skunk dogs) |
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Term
How can West Nile be transmitted human to human? |
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Definition
transplanted organs, blood transfusions, breast milk, transplacental, occupational exposure |
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Term
T/F Most humans with West Nile develop no clinical symptoms. |
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Definition
true! only 20% develop disease (west nile fever) |
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Term
What are the symptoms of west nile? |
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Definition
range from febrile headache to aseptic meningitis to encephalitis |
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Term
T/F Humans are the primary host for West Nile virus. |
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Definition
False, birds are the primary host, humans are only incidental hosts |
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Term
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Definition
characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome |
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Term
What are the best methods for controlling viruses? |
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Definition
prophylaxis is best, vaccines, universal precautions, education |
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Term
Name common live attenuated virus vaccines. |
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Definition
MMR, varicella-zoster, yellow fever |
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Term
Name common killed or inactivated vaccines. |
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Definition
IPV [salk], influenza A and B, hepatitis A, and rabies |
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Term
T/F Recombinant/subunit vaccines are considered live vaccines. |
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Definition
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Term
Name the type of vaccine and the target population for hep a vaccine. |
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Definition
nonliving travelers, or persons living in high risk areas |
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Term
Name the type of vaccine and target population for hep b vaccine. |
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Definition
non-living (recombinant) universal childhood (healthcare workers) |
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Term
What type of vaccine and what is the target population for influenza A and B vaccines? |
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Definition
1)non-living and 2) live elderly, at risk population, others, medical personnel |
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and the target population for japanese encephalitis virus? |
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Definition
non-living travelers to endemic regions |
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for measles? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for mumps? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for poliovirus [salk]? |
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Definition
nonliving universal childhood |
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for rabies (preexposure, HDCV)? |
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Definition
non-living veterinarians, high risk persons |
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for rubella? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for varicella? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the type of vaccine and target population for yellow fever? |
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Definition
live travelers to endemic regions |
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Term
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Definition
new vaccine for rotavirus live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains 5 reassortant rotaviruses 3 doses given to infants @ 2,4,6 months |
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Term
What type of vaccine is gardasil? |
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Definition
vaccine for cervical cancer via HPV infection noninfectious viral like particles with capsid proteins of HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18. 3 doses IM to girls 11-12 yrs before sexual activity |
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Term
What type of vaccine is zostavax? |
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Definition
for shingles, live attenuated vaccine for adults > 60 yrs |
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Term
T/F Use of the Sabin poliovirus has been replaced by the attenuated salk vaccine. |
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Definition
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Term
What type of vaccine is the smallpox vaccine? |
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Definition
live vaccine given intradermally to select first line defense personnel |
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Term
What are lytic infections? |
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Definition
viral infections that kill the cell via a number of different mechanisms such as apoptosis |
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Term
What does it mean for a virus to cause a persistent infection? |
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Definition
when it does not cause cell death and may be chronic, latent recurrent or transforming. Must be able to limit its cytolytic effects, maintain its genome within host cells and avoid elimination by the host's immune system |
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Term
Which viruses inhibit cellular protein synthesis? |
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Definition
polioviruses, herpes simplex, pox viruses, toagaviruses |
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Term
Which viruses inhibit or degrade DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
Which viruses use syncytia to harm host cells? |
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Definition
herpes simplex, HIV, varicella zoster, paramyxoviruses |
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Term
Which viruses cause inclusion bodies in the host cell? |
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Definition
rabies, adenovirus, poxvirus, reovirus, CMV |
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Term
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Definition
a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei. The expression of cell surface glycoproteins of some viruses like HIV, herpes, and RSV (a paramyxovirus) can trigger the fusion of neighboring cells into multinucleated giant cells called syncytia |
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Term
Negri bodies are characteristic of what infection? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a viral quasispecies? |
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Definition
a heterogenous group of sequences clustering around a consensus (aka viral swarm) |
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Term
Where would you take a specimen from if your patient had a maculopapular rash? |
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Definition
throat, stool, or rectal swabs (I know it doesn't make sense but its on the powerpoint) |
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Term
Where do you collect biological specimens from if your patient has a virus causes CNS illness (encephalitis and meningitis)? |
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Definition
stool, tissue, saliva, brain biopsy, CSF |
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Term
What are the visible, cytopathic effects of viral infection? |
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Definition
rounding/detachment, syncytia, shrinkage, increased refractility, aggregation, loss of adherence, cell lysis/death |
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Term
What is hemagglutination? |
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Definition
when viruses contain proteins that bind to erythrocytes can cause an easily visualized and quick indicator of viral presence |
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Term
What are the criteria for diagnosing primary infection via serology? |
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Definition
4 fold or more increase in titer of IgG or total antibody between acute and convalescent sera, presence of IgM, seroconversion, and a single high titer of IgG (or total antibody)-very unreliable |
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Term
For which types of viruses would serology NOT be a useful diagnostic tool and why? |
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Definition
most respiratory and diarrheal viruses produce clinical disease before the appearance of antibodies |
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Term
How do you detect antibodies via serology? |
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Definition
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Term
How do you diagnose a viral illness via direct examination? |
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Definition
visualization by EM, histologically via inclusion bodies, viral antigens, viral nucleic acid |
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Term
What labratory method is used for detection of viral genomes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which viruses are FDA approved for in vitro nucleic acid amplification and detection? |
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Definition
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