Shared Flashcard Set

Details

8th Anatomy Exam kidney
kidney
128
Anatomy
Graduate
10/21/2010
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
Functions of the kidney:
 Definition
- water balance homeotasis
- regulates blood volume, maintaining proper water, salts, and acid/base balance
- produces: renin, erythropoietin
Term
What is the function of renin?
 Definition
- increases blood pressure
- produced by kidney
Term
what is the function of erythropoietin?
 Definition
- increases RBC production
Term
The kidney is in a ____ position in the ___ ___ region.
 Definition
- retroperitoneal
- superior lumbar
Term
The kidney extends from the ___ ___ vertebrae to the ____ ___ ___.
 Definition
- 12th thoracic vertebrae
- 3rd lumbar vertebrae
Term
The right kidney is close to the ___ and sits ___ than the left kidney.
 Definition
- liver
- lower
Term
The adult kidney weighs ___ grams and is ___ x ___ x ___. The lateral surface is ___, while the medial surface is ___.
 Definition
- 150
- 5 in x 2.5 in x 1 inch
- convex
- concave
Term
The ___ ___ is found on the medial ___ surface of the kidney and leads to the ___ ___.
 Definition
- renal hilus
- concave
- renal sinus
Term
Structures entering/leaving the hilus:
 Definition
- renal veins
- renal arteries
- ureter and medial part of renal pelvis
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves

from anterior to posterior: renal vein, renal artery, ureter
Term
Supportive tissue of the kidney includes the fibrous ___ __ which adheres directly to the surface of the kidney. ___ fat acts a cushion from external blows.
 Definition
- renal capsule
- perirenal fat
Term
The ___ ___ of ___ is the outermost layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue, that anchors the kidneys and adrenal glands to surrounding structures.
 Definition
- Renal fascia of Gerota
Term
The ____ fat is the outermost layer of fat that adheres to the posterior abdominal wall. Both fat layers give support to the kidneys and keep them in place.
 Definition
- pararenal
Term
from outermost to innermost linings of the kidneys:
 Definition
- peritoneum > pararenal fat > renal fascia of gerota> perirenal fat> fibrous renal capsule> kidney
Term
Ptosis:
 Definition
- when the kidney falls to a lower than normal position
- can cause the ureter to kink, causing urine to back up in the kidney, leading to increased internal pressure = hydronephrosis
- hydronephrosis means water in the kidney, can damage the kidney and lead to necrosis
- often seen with anorexia b/c loss of supportive fat around the kidneys
Term
hydronephrosis:
 Definition
- increased pressure in the kidney due to backed up urine from kinked ureter from ptosis of kidney
- seen with anorexia
Term
Internal kidney. The __ ___ is the most superficial region. It has parts that dip down into spaces between pyramids to form __ ___.
 Definition
- adrenal cortex
- renal columns
Term
The cortex is lighter in color with a granular appearance. The renal medulla is deep to the cortex, with a ___ ____ color.
 Definition
- darker, reddish brown
Term
cone shaped masses are called:
 Definition
- renal or medullary pyarmids
Term
Renal pyramids have a broad ___ that faces the cortex and a ___ aka ___ that points internally.
 Definition
- base
- apex/papilla
Term
renal pelvis is formed by merging ___ ____.
 Definition
major calyces
Term
___ ___ of ____ are inward extensions of cortical tissue and are found between the pyramids.
 Definition
- Renal columns of Bertin
Term
what constitutes a renal lobe:
 Definition
- renal pyramid with adjacent cap of cortical tissue and cortical columns
Term
papilla > minor calyx> major calyx> renal pelvis> ureter
 Definition
Term
walls of the calyces and renal pelvis contain ___ ___ for peristalsis.
 Definition
- smooth muscle
Term
pyelitis:
 Definition
- infection of renal pelvis and calyces
Term
Pyelonephritis:
 Definition
- an infection or inflammatory condition that affects the entire kidney
Term
kidney infections in females:
 Definition
- usually caused by fecal bacteria E.coli
- usually spread from anal region to urinary tract
Term
sometimes kidney infections can result form ___ ___ bacteria.
 Definition
blood borne
Term
Urinary tract infections are common in hospitals b/c of ____.
 Definition
catheters.
Term
Renal arteries are large and deliver ___ of the total ___ ____ ___ to the kidneys every minute. They branch from the abdominal aorta at right angles and are between the __ and ___ vertebrae.
 Definition
- 1/4
- systemic cardiac output
- L1 and L2
Term
so every 4 minutes the kidneys process the entire volume of your blood.
 Definition
Term
The ___ renal artery is longer than the ___ renal artery.
 Definition
- right renal artery longer than left renal artery
Term
renal arteries usually branch into five ___ arteries.
 Definition
segmental
Term
more than 90% of the blood supply entering the kidney profuses the ___.
 Definition
cortex
Term
The ___ contains the bulk of nephrons.
 Definition
- cortex
Term
renal veins follow the arterial pathway in reverse.
 Definition
Term
trace blood supply in kidney:
 Definition
- renal artery> segmental arteries> interlobar arteries> arcuate arteries> interlobular arteries
Term
what three arteries contribute to afferent arterioles, trace the blood flow:
 Definition
- interolobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries>> afferent arterioles>>glomerulus> efferent arterioles> peritubular capillary network
Term
___ arterioles feed the glomerulus.
 Definition
Afferent
Term
nerve supply to the kidneys and ureter:
 Definition
Renal plexus and ganglion (branch off of celiac plexus and ganglion)
Term
Renal plexus is supplied by sympathetic fibers from:
 Definition
- least thoracic nerve
- first lumbar splanchic nerve
Term
Sympathetic fibers to the kidneys and ureters are ___ fibers that regulate ___ ___ ___ by adjusting the diameter of ___ ___.
 Definition
- vasomotor
- renal blood flow
- renal arterioles
Term
Parasympathetic fibers from the posterior and anterior __ __ contribute to the ___ plexus.
 Definition
- vagal trunk
- celiac plexus
Term
structural and functional unit of the kidney:
 Definition
nephron
Term
The __ is responsible for urine formation.
 Definition
nephrons
Term
over 1 million nephrons per kidney
 Definition
Term
majority of nephrons reside in the renal ___.
 Definition
cortex
Term
components of the nephron:
 Definition
- a dilated renal corpuscle- Bowman's capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal convoluted tubule

All of these structures together are called the renal tubule. So you could say the nephron is made up of renal tubule.
Term
Urine from several renal tubules drain into __ ___.
 Definition
collecting tubules
Term
nephrons are supplied directly by the ___ ___.
 Definition
- afferent arterioles
Term
The renal corpuscle is formed by the :
 Definition
- glomerulus
- Bowman's capsule
Term
A ___ is a tuft of capillaries found inside of Bowman's capsule. These two structures together are called a ___ ___.
 Definition
- glomerulus
- renal corpuscle
Term
Bowman's capsule:
 Definition
- end of the renal tubule
- blind-ended, enlarged, and cup shaped tube
- completely surrounds the glomerulus
Term
look at slide 34 of this lecture and understand.
 Definition
Term
Bowman's capsule is connected to the ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
___ ___ feed the capillary bed aka ___ of the nephron. ___ ___ drain this capillary bed.
 Definition
- Afferent arterioles
- glomerulus
- Efferent arterioles
Term
Peritubular capillaries:
 Definition
- arise from efferent arterioles
- are adapted for absorption of solutes and water
- are found close to renal tubules
- empty into interlobular veins of the renal venous system
Term
peritubular capillaries empty into:
 Definition
- interlobular veins
Term
not until the collecting duct is it considered urine, before then in PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT, it is filtrate.
 Definition
Term
Renal corpuslces are found only in the ___.
 Definition
cortex
Term
renal corpuscles represent the initial epanded part of the ____.
 Definition
nephron
Term
Renal corpuscles have a ___ pole and a ___ pole.
 Definition
- vascular
- urinary
Term
Each renal corpuscle consists of :
 Definition
- epithelial part= Bowman's capsule
- vascular part= glomerulus
Term
Bowman's capsule is a ___ ___ __that forms the corpuslce's ___ ___.
 Definition
- double epithelial layer
- external covering
Term
List the two epithelial layers of Bowman's capsule:
 Definition
- Parietal layer: outer layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a basal lamina
- Visceral layer: inner layer of capsule consists of specialized cells called podocytes
Term
____ cover the capillary loops of the glomerulus and are in direct contact with the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries.
 Definition
Podocytes
Term
___ ___ is between the parietal layer and visceral layer of Bowman's capsule.
 Definition
Urinary space
Term
look at slides 38 and 39 of this lecture for histology
 Definition
Term
Filtrate passes from the __ in ___ ___ to ___ ___.
 Definition
- blood in glomerular capillaries
- urinary space
Term
3 closely apposed structures of the renal corpuscle:
 Definition
- glomerular capillary endothelium
- basal lamina
- visceral layer of Bowman' capsule with podocytes
Term
The lining of the glomerular capillaries is an ____ ____ with numerous ____.
 Definition
- attenuated endothelium
- fenestrae
Term
Fenestrae are ___ ___
 Definition
highly permeable
Term
External to the capillary endothelium is a continuous ___ ___ and ___ cover the outer endothelium.
 Definition
- basal lamina
- podocytes
Term
The filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle is formed by:
 Definition
- fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries
- basal lamina- prevents passage of large cells
- filtration slits b/w pedicels of podocytes (visceral layer of bowman's capsule)
Term
podocytes are highly specialized cells that form the ___ ___of ___ ___.
 Definition
- visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
Term
Each podocyte has several ___ ___ called ____ that give rise to ___ ___ that terminate as ____. Adjacent ____ interdigitate and form a series of ___ __. A thin non-membranous diaphragm termed the slit membrane spans each filtration slit.
 Definition
- primary processes called trabeculae
- secondary processes
- pedicels
- pedicels
- filtration slits
Term
look at slides 41-51 for histology
 Definition
Term
The proximal convoluted tubule is mainly in the ___ and is made of ___ ___ or ___ epithelium. Its apical border is a ___ ___ containing many ____.
 Definition
- cortex
- simple cuboidal or columnar
- brush border
- microvilli
Term
The cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubule contains many ____. The PCT is important for ___ and ___.
 Definition
- mitochondria
- absorption
- transport
Term
The PCT absorbs macromolecules via ___ and uses ___ ___ __ out of cells. It absorbs all the ___ and ___ ___ and 85% of the ___ ___. Water ___ ___ following the ___ ___.
 Definition
- pinocytosis
- active sodium transport
- glucose
- amino acids
- sodium chloride
- diffuses passively
- osmotic gradient
Term
90% of malignant kidney tumors are found where?
 Definition
- proximal convoluted tubule
Term
The distal convoluted tubule is made of ___ ___ epithelium and does not have a ___ ___. It is located in the ___ of the kidney.
 Definition
- simple cuboidal
- no brush border
- cortex
Term
The ___ __ is a modified portion of the distal convoluted tubule where it lies adjacent with the ___ __ of the renal corpuscle.
 Definition
- macula densa
- vascular pole
Term
___ acts on cells of the distal convoluted tubule to absorb more ___ and ___ ions.
 Definition
- Aldosterone
- sodium
- chloride
Term
The juxtaglomerular complex is located near the ____ ___ of the ___ ___.
 Definition
- vascular pole
- renal corpuscle
Term
The ___ ___ limb of the ___ ___ __ contacts the vacular pole between the ___ and ____ arterioles.
 Definition
- ascending thick
- distal convoluted tubule
- afferent and efferent arterioles
Term
macula densa:
 Definition
cluster of tightly packed cells in the DCT
Term
___ ___ of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete ___.
 Definition
- Juxtaglomerular cells
- renin
Term
The DCT has the ___ __, while the afferent arteriole has the ___ ___ that secrete ___.
 Definition
- macula densa
- juxtaglomerular cells
- renin
Term
Juxtaglomerular cells of the ___ ___ are modified ___ ___ cells that secrete ___.
 Definition
- afferent arteriole
- smooth muscle
- renin
Term
Regulation of Blood pressure:
- Renin acts on ___ ____ ___ producing ___ __.
- A converting enzyme makes ___ __ from angiotension I.
- ___ _ increases blood pressure by ___ ___ and stimulating ___ ___ from the ___ ___.
- ___ acts on cells of the distal convoluted tubule to increase absorption of sodium and chloride ions. This expands fluid volume and blood pressure.
 Definition
- plasma protein angiotension
- Angiotension I
- Angiotension II
- Angiotension II
- contricting arterioles
- aldosterone secretion
- adrenal glands
- Aldosterone
Term
what interaction produces angiotension I?
 Definition
- renin (from the juxtaglomerular complex in the afferent arteriole) acting on plasma protein angiotension
Term
converting enzyme converts what to what?
 Definition
- angiotension I to angiotension II
Term
How does angiotension II increase blood pressure?
 Definition
- constricts arterioles
- stimulated aldosterone secretion of adrenal glands
Term
what does aldosterone do?
 Definition
- acts on cells of distal convoluted tubule to absorb sodium and chloride ions
- water follows> increased blood volume> increase blood pressure
Term
Loop of Henle:
- thick descending loop is similar in structure to the ___.
- thin descending loop is ___ ___ epithlium, in the ___ of the kidney
- thin ascending loop is ___ ___ epithelium in the ___ of the kidney.
- thick ascending loop is similar in structure to __.
 Definition
- PCT
- simple squamous, medulla
- simple squamous, medulla
- DCT
Term
The loop of Henle is permeable to ___ ___.
 Definition
water transport
Term
Ureters are long slender tubes that convey urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. They begin at level of __ as a continuation of the ___ ___. They descend behind the ___to the base of the bladder, turn medial and then run oblique through posterior wall of bladder. Path prevents backflow of urine into ureters during bladder filling.
 Definition
- L2
- renal pelvis
- peritoneum
Term
3 sites of constriction of the ureter:
 Definition
- uretopelvic junction- near hilus
- where they cross the iliac vessels- pelvic brim
- where they join the bladder
Term
Three layers of ureter:
 Definition
- mucosa
- muscularis
- adventitia
Term
describe the ureter mucosa:
 Definition
- highly convoluted
- thick transitional epithelium
- continous with that of the kidney, pelvis, and urinary bladder
Term
describe ureter muscularis:
 Definition
- two sheets: inner longitudinal , outer ciruclar, upper part is 2 sheets, lower part near bladder is 3 sheets
Term
describe ureter adventitia:
 Definition
fibrous connective tissue covering
Term
Distention of the ureter by incoming urine stimulates:
 Definition
- the muscularis of the ureter to contract> peristalsis, propells urine into bladder
Term
The vigor and frequency of the peristaltic waves are controlled by the rate of __ ___.
 Definition
urine formation
Term
ureter has an inner ___ muscle layer and an outer ___ muscle layer.
 Definition
- inner longitudinal
- outer circular
Term
urogram aka
 Definition
pyelogram
Term
Kidney stones are crystals of ___, ___, or __ __ ___. These are called ___ ___. They precipitate in the ___ __. Most are small, less than 5 mm, and pass undetected. Larger calculi can block a ureter and prevent urine passage. Causes pain in __ wall of __ from increased pressure in the kidney.
 Definition
- calcium, magnesium, uric acid salts
- renal calculi
- renal pelvis
- posterior wall of the abdomen
Term
causes of kidney stones:
 Definition
- frequent urinary tract infections (bacteria) and holding of urine
- high blood calcium and alkaline urine
Term
lithotripsy
 Definition
shock wave that shatters kidney stones
Term
prevention of kidney stones:
 Definition
- acidifying the urine by drinking cranberry juice
- ingesting lots of water to dilute urine
Term
The bladder is a smooth collapsible muscular sac that temporarily stores urine it is located ___ on the ___ ___, just posterior to the ___ ___.
 Definition
- retroperitoneally
- pelvic floor
- pubic symphysis
Term
urinary bladder: Females - lies anterior to the vagina and uterus
Males - lies anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland that surrounds its inferior neck
 Definition
Term
three layers in bladder wall:
 Definition
- mucosa
- muscularis
- adventitia
Term
describe mucosa of the bladder wall:
 Definition
- transitional epithelium
Term
describe muscularis of bladder wall:
 Definition
thick, muscular layer
called the detrusor muscle
consisting of intermediate smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer
Term
describe adventitia of bladder:
 Definition
fibrous layer
covers the bladder except on its superior surface
superior surface covered by the parietal peritoneum
Term
Interior part of the bladder has three openings for:
 Definition
- both ureters
- urethra
Term
smooth triangular region on base of bladder between the three openings is called the:
 Definition
trigone
Term
Between the two openings of the ureters is the:
 Definition
- interureteric crest
Term
when bladder is empty:
 Definition
it collapses into its basic pyramidal shape
Term
Thick walls of urinary bladder form:
 Definition
rugae
Term
as urine accumulates the bladder:
 Definition
- becomes pear shaped and rises superiorly
- muscle wall stretches and rugae disappear
- stretching triggers micturition/voiding
Term
normal capacity of bladder is 300-500 mL, cut can hold twice this.
 Definition
Term
The urethra is a thin walled muscular tube. Near the bladder it is ___ epithelium, then its mostly ___ ___ epithelium, then near its opening it becomes ___ __ ___ epithelium.
 Definition
- transitional
- pseudostratifed columnar
- simple squamous non-keratinized
Term
in females the urethra is 1.5 inches long and bound to the vagina by fibrous connective tissue.
 Definition
Term
External urethral orifice aka meatus:
 Definition
- external opening of urethra
- anterior to vagina, posterior to clitoris
Term
In males urethra is 8 inches long and has three regions, list them:
 Definition
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra- goes through urogenital diaphragm(sphincter urethra muscle)
- spongy (penile) urethra- passes through penis and opens at tip via external urethral orficice

MALE URETHRA CARRIES SEMEN AND URINE OUT OF BODY
Supporting users have an ad free experience!