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8th Anatomy Exam 8 posterior abdomen
Posterior abdomen
89
Anatomy
Graduate
10/18/2010
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Term
median plane of posterior abdomen made of :
 Definition
- 5 lumbar vertebrates (bodies, intervertebral discs, transverse processes)
Term
lateral borders of the posterior abdomen:
 Definition
- 12th pair of ribs
- to the pelvic brim elow
Term
posterior abdominal wall is divided into upper and lower parts by the ___ ___.
 Definition
iliac crests
Term
The region of the abdomen between the iliac crests and pelvic brim is the ___ ___.
 Definition
- pelvis major
Term
Diaphragm:
 Definition
Right and left domes
Central tendon
Right crus of diaphragm
Left crus of diaphragm
Median arcuate ligament over ant. surface of aorta
Caval opening
Esophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus
Term
Muscles of posterior abdominal wall:
 Definition
Psoas major m.
Psoas minor m.
Iliacus m.
Quadratus lumborum m.
Transversus abdominis m.
Term
Psoas major originates on sides of ___ __, ___ ___, and ___ ___ of __ and ___ vertebrae.
 Definition
- vertebral bodies
- transverse processes
- intervertebral discs
- T12- L1-L5
Term
Psoas major runs ___ and ___ to enter the thigh ___ and ___ to the ___ ___.
 Definition
- downward and laterally
- posterior and inferior
- inguinal ligament
Term
Psoas major muscle inserts on the ___ ___ of the femur.
 Definition
- lesser trochanter
Term
Psoas major is enclosed in a ___ ___ derived from the ___ ____. This sheath is thickened above to form the __ ___ ___.
 Definition
- fibrous sheath
- lumbar fascia
- medial arcuate ligament
Term
Psoas major action:
 Definition
- flexes the thigh at the hip joint on the trunk
- if the thigh is fixed, flexes the trunk on the thigh, like sitting up from a lying position
Term
Innervation of psoas major:
 Definition
- lumbar plexus (anterior branches of L2-L4)
Term
psoas minor is absent or insignifacant in :
 Definition
40-50% of people
Term
Psoas minor has a narrow tendon that is often mistaken as the ___ nerve that lie on the surface of the psaos major muscle.
 Definition
- genitofemoral nerve
Term
Iliacus muscle originates from the ___ ___ and joins the lateral side of the ___ __ to insert onto the __ ___ of the femur. Combined muscle is called the ___ muscle.
 Definition
- iliac fossa
- psoas tendon
- lesser trochanter
- iliopsoas muscle
Term
what muscle is the most powerful flexor of the thigh?
 Definition
- iliacus muscle
Term
action of Iliacus muscle:
 Definition
- flexes the thigh on the trunk with the iliacus
- most powerful flexor of the thigh
- if the thigh is fixed, flexes the trunk to the thigh, as in sitting up from lying down position
Term
Innervation of iliacus muscle:
 Definition
- femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Term
quadratus lumborum muscle:
 Definition
Lateral border is oblique, a landmark when exposing the kidney from behind
Lies alongside the vertebral column
Term
Qudratus lumborum muscle originates from below the ___ ligament, adjoining part of the iliac crest, and the tips of the __ ___ of the ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
- iliolumbar
- transverse processes of the lower lumbar vertebrae
Term
Quadratus lumborum fibers run ___ and ___ and insert on the lower border of the ___ ___ and ___ ___ of the upper __ ___ ___.
 Definition
- upward and medially
- 12th rib
- transverse proccesses of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae.
Term
Anterior surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle is covered by the ___ ___ which is thickened to form the ___ ___ ___ above and the ___ ___ below.
 Definition
- lumbar fascia
- lateral arcuate line(above)
- iliolumbar ligament (below)
Term
quadratus lumborum action:
 Definition
- fixes the 12th rib during inspiration
- depresses the 12th rib during forced expiration
- laterally flexes vertebral column on same side
Term
Quadratus lumborum nerve supply:
 Definition
- lumbar plexus (anterior branches of T12, L1-L4)
Term
The transversus abdominus muscle becomes ___ at the lateral border of the quadratus lumborum muscle. This helps form a sheath for the deep back muscles.
 Definition
- aponeurotic
Term
Transversus abdominus action:
 Definition
compresses abdominal contents
Term
Innervation of transversus abdominus muscle:
 Definition
- 7-12 thoracic nerves
- iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
Term
___ ___ is one continous layer of connective tissue that lies between the parietal perioteneum and the muscle.
 Definition
Fascial lining
Term
Fascial lining is between the ___ __ and the muscle.
 Definition
- parietal peritoneum
Term
Fascial lining is continuous below with a similar lining that lines the pelvic walls
 Definition
Term
The fascial lining is named based on what it is lying over, name them:
 Definition
Don't Try Playing Queen Inside.
- diaphragmatic fascia
- transversalis fascia
- psoas fascia
- quardratus lumborum fascia
- iliac fascia
Term
___ are not within the fascial lining, but blood and lymph are.
 Definition
Nerves
Term
The ____ sheath is a downward prolongation of the fascial lining around the femoral vessels and lymphatics. This extends about 4 cm into the thigh, inferior to the ___ ligament.
 Definition
- femoral
- inguinal
Term
The ___ ___ lies outside the femoral sheath.
 Definition
femoral nerve
Term
The abdominal aorta enters the abdomen between the ___ and __ vertebrae at an oblique angle. What areas do branches off of the abdominal area supply?
 Definition
- T12 and L1
Branches:
- gastrointestinal tract
- liver
- pancreas
- spleen
- kidneys
- adrenal glands
- testicles/ovaries
Term
Kidneys develop in the pelvis and migrate up during development, the superior mesentaeric artery stops them in their postion.
 Definition
Term
The ___ trunk of the abdominal aorta arises at the level of the intervertebral disc at ____, just distal to the __ hiatus.
 Definition
- celiac
- T12, L1
- aortic
Term
The __ __ __ prevents the ascent of the left renal vein.
 Definition
- Superior mesenteric artery
Term
The ___ ___ artery arrests the ascent of a horseshoe kidney.
 Definition
- inferior mesenteric artery
Term
Abdominal aorta gives visceral branches to the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and gonads
renal arteries to the kidneys
suprarenal arteries to the adrenal glands
testicular or ovarian arteries to the testis or ovaries
 Definition
Term
The roof and walls of the abdomen are supplied by what arteries? And where do these arteries branch off of?
 Definition
- inferior phrenic artery
- lumbar arteries
- median sacral artery which is a continuation of the aorta

ALL PARIETAL BRANCHES OF AORTA
Term
Termination of abdominal aorta is anterior to what vertebrae?
 Definition
L4
- this where it bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries
Term
Each common iliac artery bifurcates into:
 Definition
- external and internal iliac arteries
Term
The external iliac artery is the main artery to the ___ and runs on the medial border of the ___ muscle. Inferior to the ___ ligament, this artery becomes the ___ artery.
 Definition
- thigh
- iliopsoas
- inguinal
- femoral
Term
Two branches arise from the external iliac artery just before it passes behind the inguinal ligament. name them.
 Definition
- inferior epigastric artery
- deep circumflex iliac artery anastomose with iliolumbar artery from the internal iliac artery on the iliac crest.
Term
The ___ ___ __ ___ from the external iliac artery, and the ___ ___ __ from the internal iliac artery anastomose on the iliac crest.
 Definition
- deep circumflex iliac
- iliolumbar
Term
Inferior vena cava is the largest vein in the body and begins anterior to the __ vertebrae. It runs below the ___ bifurcation, behind the __ ___ ___ ___, and at the union of the __ and ___ ___ ___ __.
 Definition
- L5
- aortic
- right common iliac artery
- at the union of the left and right common iliac veins
Term
The IVC pierces the ___ ___ of the diaphragm at the ___ vertebrae and enters the ___ ___ of the heart.
 Definition
- central tendon
- T8
- right atrium
Term
The IVC extends entirely across __ __ and is nearly twice as long as the ___.
 Definition
- 8 vertebrae
- aorta
Term
what veins make up the hepatic portal vein?
 Definition
- superior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein ( and inferior mesenteric vein drains into the spelinc vein)
Term
Veins that drain into the IVC:
 Definition
- right suprarenal vein
- right renal vein
- right testicular/ovarian veins
Term
The left suprarenal vein, left renal vein, and left testicular/ovarian vein drain into the ___ ___ vein which drains into the IVC.
 Definition
- left renal vein
Term
Hepatic portal vein:
 Definition
receives blood from the GI tract
blood circulates within the liver
then it exits via 3 large hepatic veins to drain into the last part of the IVC
Term
lumbar veins are irregularly linked together on each side by an ___ ___ ___, which lies superior to the ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
- ascending lumbar vein
- lumbar transverse processes
Term
The ascending lumbar vein becomes the ___ or ___ vein in the thorax.
 Definition
- azygos
- hemiazygos
Term
___ ___ lymph nodes lie at the origin of the __ ___, ___, and ___. These drain the GI tract from the lower ___ of the ____ to the upper half of the ___ ___, ___, ___, ___ ___, and ___.
 Definition
- Visceral preaortic
- celiac trunk, SMA, IMA
- 1/3 of the esophagus
- anal canal
- spleen
- pancreas
- gall bladder
- liver
Term
___ vessels from the visceral nodes form the ___ ___.
 Definition
- Efferent
- intestinal trunk
Term
The intestinal trunk participates in the confluence of lymphatic trunk that give rise to the ___ ___.
 Definition
- thoracic duct
Term
lumbar nodes aka ___ ___ nodes, drain the ___, ___, ___, ____, ___ ___, and ___ ___.
 Definition
- lateral aortic nodes
- kidneys
- adrenal glands
- ovaries
- testicles
- uterine tubes
- uterine fundus
Term
Efferent vessels from the lumbar nodes form the ___ and ___ ___ ___. These drain into the ___ ___ this is located anterior to ___ vertebrae to the right of the aorta.
 Definition
- right and left lumbar trunks
- cisterna chyli
- L1-2
Term
cisterna chyli:
 Definition
- inferior end of the thoracic duct
Term
Lumbar plexus:
 Definition
- ventral anterior rami of L1, L2, L3, and the upper half of L4.
- first ramus is joined by a branch of T12
- all rami receive gray communicating branches of the sympathetic trunk
Term
Lower half of L4 joins L5 near the anterior border of the ala of the sacrum to form the ____ trunk.
 Definition
- lumbosacral
Term
Branches of the Lumbar plexus:
 Definition
- Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
- Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
- Genitofemoral nerve (L1,L2)
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2,L3)
- Femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4)
- Obturator nerve (L2,L3,L4)

(also need to know subcostal nerve (T12), but this is not off lumbar plexus)
Term
Iliohypogastic nerve supplies:
 Definition
- parts of internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
- skin over iliac crest, upper inguinal, and hypogastric areas
Term
Iliohypogastic nerve supplies:
 Definition
- parts of internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
- skin over iliac crest, upper inguinal, and hypogastric areas
- L1
Term
Ilioinguinal nerve supplies:
 Definition
- parts of internal oblique and transversus abdominus muscles
- skin over scrotum and labia majora, mons pubis, and adjacent medial aspect of the thigh
- L1
Term
Genitofemoral nerve runs on top of the ___ ___ muscle and innervates:
 Definition
- on top of psoas major muscle
- femoral branch pierces the fascia lata and supplies the skin of the femoral triangle
- genital branch supplies the cremaster muscle and transverses the inguinal canal to end in the skin of the scrotum
- L1,L2
Term
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates:
 Definition
- skin on anterior and lateral surface of the thigh to the knee
- L2, L3
Term
The femoral nerve innervates:
 Definition
- iliacus m.
- pectineus m.
- anterior thigh
- skin on anterior thigh and medial leg
- L2,3,4
Term
The obturator nerve innervates:
 Definition
- obturator externus m.
- sometimes pectineus
- medial thigh muscles
- skin on medial thigh
Term
The sympathetic trunk enters the thorax inferior to the ___ ___ ___, follows the medial border of the ___ muscle, and passes into the pelvis behind ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
- medial arcuate ligament
- psoas muscle
- common iliac vessels
Term
The right sympathetic trunk is concealed by the ____ and is crossed by the __ ___ __.
 Definition
- IVC
- right renal artery
Term
The left sympathetic trunk is crossed by the:
 Definition
- left renal vessels
- left testicular artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
Term
The sympathetic trunk has 4 ___ ___ ___ nerves which are ___ branches. These run lateral to the ___ and ___ ___ plexuses and are distributed widely with blood vessels to viscera.
 Definition
- postganglionic lumbar splanchic nerves
- visceral branches
- intermesenteric and superior hypogastric plexuses
Term
Celiac plexus is also known as the ___ plexus b/c its branches radiate out.
 Definition
- solar plexus
Term
Celiac plexus connects to ___ ___ and encircles the ___ ___.
 Definition
- celiac ganglia
- celiac trunk
Term
Each celiac ganglion:
 Definition
- lies behind the peritoneoum
- between the celiac trunk and adrenal gland
- on the crus of the diaphragm
Term
The ___ conceals the right celiac ganglion, while the ___ and ___ ___ conceal the left ganglion.
 Definition
- IVC
- pancreas and splenic artery
Term
The celiac plexus is joined by the ___ ___ nerve at its upper part and by the ___ ___ nerve at its lower part.
 Definition
- greater splanchic nerve
- lesser splanchic nerve
Term
The ___ plexus is a derivative of the celiac plexus. It is joined by the ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ ___.
 Definition
- renal
- least splanchic nerve (T12)
- first lumbar splanchic nerves
Term
Fibers from both ___ nerves pass through the celiac plexus (via a large branch of the posterior ___ trunk). These parasympathetic fibers are distributed to the abdominal viscera via what arteries?
 Definition
- vagus
- vagal
- celiac arteries
- superior mesenteric arteries
- renal arteries
Term
suprarenal glands aka adrenal glands:
 Definition
Appear yellow or off white
Are found superomedial to kidneys
And are surrounded by perirenal fat
Each gland has a hilum (where vessels exit and enter) and consists of a cortex and a medulla
Term
Suprarenal gland receives blood from what arteries?
 Definition
- Superior suprarenal arteries (branches off of inferior phrenic aa.)

- Middle suprarenal artery (comes directly off abdominal aorta)

- Inferior suprarenal artery (branch off of renal artery)
Term
The superior suprarenal arteries are branches off of:
 Definition
- inferior phrenic artery
Term
middle suprarenal arteries come off of:
 Definition
abdominal aorta
Term
inferior suprarenal arteries come off of:
 Definition
renal artery
Term
Blood from the left suprarenal gland drains into the ___ __ ___.
 Definition
left renal vein
Term
Blood from the right suprarenal gland drains into the ___ __ __ .
 Definition
inferior vena cava
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