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8. endocrine histo
BrownMed
50
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1st Grade
10/28/2010

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Term
hypophysis
Definition
pituitary
Term
adenohypophysis (3 parts)
Definition
anterior pituitary: pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
Term
neurohypophysis (3 parts)
Definition
posterior pituitary: median eminence, pituitary stalk, pars nervosa
Term
Rathke's pouch
Definition
a depression in the roof of the mouth from which the anterior pituitary forms
Term
what does posterior pituitary develop from
Definition
floor of diencephalon
Term
3 things that develop from floor of diencephalon
Definition
posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, infundibulum
Term
2 types of cells in anterior pituitary
Definition
chromophobes (pale) and chromophils
Term
chromophils
Definition
acidophils and basophils
Term
acidophils produce
Definition
GH and prolactin
Term
basophils produce
Definition
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
Term
deficiency of GH
Definition
hypopituitary dwarfism
Term
FSH
Definition
stimulates follicle development in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testes
Term
LH
Definition
= ICSH. in females: aids in the maturation of Graafian follicle, stimulates ovulation, development of corpus luteum, stimulates increase in progesterone secretion. in males: stimulates testosterone secretion by Leydig cells.
Term
ACTH
Definition
stimulates adrenal gland to increase corticosteroid (cortisol) production
Term
Herring bodies
Definition
expansions of axonal endings which store hormones in the posterior pituitary
Term
the posterior pituitary is derived from / and contains
Definition
the neural tube / unmyelinated axons of secretory nerve cells. (the cell bodies are in the hypo and extend their axons into the post pit)
Term
posterior pituitary produces
Definition
vasopressin and oxytocin
Term
vasopressin
Definition
promotes contraction of vascular smooth muscle, leading to increased blood pressure. also increases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney, thus promoting the reabsorption of water.
Term
oxytocin
Definition
positive feedback! promotes labor contractions and lactiferous gland and duct secretion (contractile effect).
Term
thyroid gland is derived from...
Definition
endoderm: from epithelial bud from floor of oral cavity (foramen cecum)
Term
epithelium in thyroid
Definition
simple cuboidal epithelium-lined follicles
Term
thyroid consists of
Definition
follicles (w/ epithelium), CT, interstitium, and vascularized region surrounding the follicles.
Term
secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by (2)
Definition
autonomic nerves and TSH
Term
colloid
Definition
= thyroglobulin. secreted by follicular cells in thyroid. when stimulated, the colloid is iodinated and prepared for basal secretion as T3 or T4. these hormones regulate metabolic rate (cellular respiration)
Term
how is the thyroid atypical (3)
Definition
stores its product, secretes both basally (T3 and T4) and apically (colloid), and an exogenous product (iodine) is needed to complete its product and must therefore be supplied via diet
Term
C cells
Definition
parafollicular cells (in thyroid). produce calcitonin, which inhibits bone resorption, thus reducing blood calcium concentration.
Term
cretinism
Definition
untreated congenital TH deficiency = stunted physical/mental growth
Term
myxedema
Definition
thickened, non-pitting edema in hypothyroid patients
Term
Graves' Disease
Definition
autoimmune hyperthyroidism (only hyperthyroid thing we know about). auto-antibodies bind to TSH receptors and chronically stimulate them
Term
does hyper or hypo thyroidism lead to goiter?
Definition
goiter = enlarged thyroid gland. BOTH.
Term
adrenal glands originate from
Definition
intermediate mesoderm (cortex) and neural crest (medulla)
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
= disenfranchised sympathetic ganglion with cell bodies but no axons. secretes catecholamines
Term
catecholamines
Definition
epi and norepi, responsible for fight or flight
Term
adrenal medulla blood supply
Definition
direct arterial supply and drainage from cortex
Term
adrenal cortex: three layers and their products
Definition
zona glomerulosa (aldosterone), zona fasciculata (cortisol), zona reticularis (androgens)
Term
what stimulates the three sections of the adrenal cortex to release their products?
Definition
granulosa: ACTH and angiotensin. fasciculata and reticularis: corticotropin (ACTH)
Term
cortisol
Definition
affects CHO metabolism; in liver, increases synthesis and usage of FAs, AAs, and CHOs for glucose/glucagon/enzyme synthesis. OUTSIDE the liver, glucocorticoids (cortisol) are catabolic.
Term
17-ketosteroids
Definition
masculinizing hormones = androgens
Term
Cushing's syndrome
Definition
adrenal cortical hyperfunction. central obesity, moon fascies, weight gain, excess sweating, striae
Term
Addison's Disease
Definition
JFK's disease. hypofunction of all three adrenal cortex zones = chronic adrenal insufficiency. nausea, vomiting and low BP
Term
islets of langerhans derived from
Definition
endoderm
Term
beta cells produce insulin, alpha cells produce glucagon. other pancreas endocrine products?
Definition
somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
Term
parathyroid glands derived from
Definition
pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 = endodermal epithelium
Term
2 parathyroid cell types and their functions
Definition
chief cells - secrete PTH. and oxyphils - uncertain function, larger and more acidophilic (pale)
Term
PTH
Definition
increases blood calcium and decreases blood phosphate. (essential for normal neuromuscular activity). via promotion of bone resorption by osteoclasts and promotion of phosphate excretion by kidneys.
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
high blood calcium and low blood phosphate
Term
is thyroid endo or exo?
Definition
mostly endo but slightly exo because it stores its product
Term
all 3 layers of adrenal cortex are
Definition
steroidogenic
Term
T3 and T4 regulate
Definition
metabolic rate
Term
pineal gland
Definition
= third eye, regulates reproductive cycles via light/dark cycle. has "brain sand" in it.
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