Trypanosomiasis

NTD

P: Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense

• Human African Sleeping sickness 
• Spread by tsetse flies (Glossina)
• Chronic fevers -> paralysis and death
• Fatal without treatment (treatment is often toxic)
• 50,000+ cases each year

Chagas disease

NTD

P: Trypanosoma cruzi

• American sleeping sickness 
• Spread by feces of "kissing bugs" that enter bite wounds, often near eyes after bloodmeals (Romana's sign)
• South and central America
• 1/3 of infected develop chronic infection that damages heart and digestive tract (30 to 40 years after the bite)

Dracunculiasis

NTD

H: Dracunculus medinensis

• Guinea worm disease
• Ingesting water flea larva from unfiltered water
• Infects tissue
• Parts of Africa and Asia
• Prevention by water filtration and education
• No vaccine

Hansen's Disease

NTD

B: Mycobacterium leprae

• Leads to disfigurement due to nerve damage
• Cured by antibiotics taken for months or years

Leishmaniasis

NTD

P: Leishmania spp.

• Spread by phlebotamine sand flies (desert areas)
• Two types
  • Cutaneous - volcanic sores that may cause disfigurement
  • Visceral - (kala azar) = internal organs -> swelling of spleen and liver -> death within a few years if untreated

Lymphatic Filariasis

NTD

H: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. timoria

• Nematode
• Mosquito-borne
• Infects tissue and causes swelling of body parts when worms block flow of lymph
• Elephantiasis
• >100 million people worldwide infected

Onchocerciasis

NTD

H: Onchocerca volvulus

• Nematode 
• River blindness
• Spread by black flies (Simulium spp.)
• Tissue infection: adult worms form nodules under the skin; near the eyes causes blindness
• Treat with ivermectin

Schistosomiaisis

NTD

H: Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mansoni

• Bilharzia - Snail fever
• Trematode (flat worm: blood fluke)
• Spread by contact with snail infested water
• Africa, S America, Asia (especially China)
• Worm enters body through skin -> bladder and intestinal damage, increased risk of cancer
• Prevention: molluscicides
• Treatment with praziquantel

Leptospirosis

NTD

B: Leptospira interrogans

• Fevers

Buruli ulcer

NTD

B: Mycobacterium ulcerans

• Tropical ulcers, usually painless