Chemical Reaction

Process in which one or more substances are changed ino other subsances

ex. a molecule attaching to another molecule,  rearrangements of atomes within molecules, transfer of electrons form one atom to another.

Metabolism

 -The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

-The term can also mean a specific set of chemical reactions occurring at the cellular level.

NAME 2 FACTORS THAT GOVERN THE FATE OF A GIVEN CHEMICAL REACTION IN A LIVING CELL

DIRECTION AND RATE

aA +bB (reversible) cC + dD

(Identify each part and what they stand for)

A, B = reactants

C, D = products

a, b, c, d = # of moles of reactants and products

Reversible = reaction can go either way

Energy

The ability to promote change

Kinetic energy

Energy associated with movement

Potential energy

Energy that a substance possesses due to its structure or lacation

Chemical Energy

A type of potential energy contained within covalent bonds in molecules

Thermodynamics

The study of energy to be converted form one form to another

State the 1^st Law of Thermodynamics

The firt law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.  However energy can be transferred from one place to another and can be transfromed from one type to another .

ex: chemical energy is transformed into heat

Another name for the 1^st Law of Thermodynamics

Law of Conservation of Energy

State the 2^nd of Thermodynamics

The transfer of energy or the transformation of nnenergy from one form to another increases the entropy.

(When energy is converted from one form to another, the increase in entropy causes some energy to become unusable by living organisms.)

 How do the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics put limits on the ways that living cell can use energy  can use Energy for their own needs?

Total energy = Usable energy + Unusable energy

Why is some energy unusable?

Entropy

 Enthalpy

Define and what is the symbol?

Enthalpy is (for living organisms) the total energy.

(H) is the symbol. 

Free Energy

The amount of available energy that can be used to do work.

H = G + TS

What is this? 

 ID each term. 

Who proposed this?

Gibbs proposed that these 3 fators are related to each other. 

H=Enthalpy

G=Gibbs free energy

T=temperature

S=entropy

Gibb's free energy formula

G = H - TS

Exergonic

 A reaction where energy is released from a reaction. 

Endergonic

 A reaction where energy is required by a reaction

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

A molecule that is a common energy source for all cells.

Chemical Equilibrium

Where a reaction's state reaches a rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants.

Equation of Chemical Equilibrium

K_eq = [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b

What drives endergonic rx's in cells?

ATP

Coupled reaction from Bio book

Glucose + phosphate^2- --> Glucose-phosphate^2- + ADP^2-

Catalyst

An agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed during the reaction.

Enzymes

The most cmmon catalyst in living cells.

Activation energy

Initial input of energy to overcome the electron clouds reulsion of two molecules coming close together.

Transition state

 Where the original bonds have stretched to their limit.  Once the reactants have reached the transition state, the chemical reaction can reaily proceed to the formation of products.

Enzymes:

A. Recognize their substrates with high specificity

B. Undergo conformational changes

1. A is true, B is false

2. A is false, B is true

3. A  and B are true

4. A and B are false

3. A and B are true.

Active site

The location in an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place.

Substrates

Enzyme-substrate complex

The binding between and enzyme and substrate.

High affinity

High degree of specificity.

A key feature of nearly all enzymes.

Induced fit

Conformational changes in an enzyme that cause the substrates to bind more tightly to the enzyme.

Prosthetic groups

Small molecules that are permanently attached to the surface of an enzyme and aid in catalysis.

Cofactors

Usually inorganic ions, such as Fe³⁺ or Zn²⁺,  that temporarily bind to the surface of an enzyme and promote a chemical reaction.

Coenzymes

Organic molecules, used by enzymes, that participate in the  chemical reaction but are left unchanged after the reaction is completed