Term
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Definition
| release hormones directly into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which hormone can bind |
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Term
| what factors determine the magnitude of the effect of hormones at the tissue level? |
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Definition
| the plasma hormone concentration and the number of active receptor sites |
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Term
| factors which affect the concentration of hormone in the plasma |
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Definition
rate of secretion of the hormone
rate of removal of the hormone (metabolized or excreted)
quantity of transport protein
changes in plasma volume |
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Term
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Definition
hormones affect only tissue with protein receptor sites specific to the hormone
down-regulation: a decrease in the number of active receptor sites
up-regulation: an increase in the number of active receptor sites |
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Term
| mechanisms of hormone mediated cellular activity |
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Definition
1.) membrane transport (activate carriers of proteins of facilitated diffusion)
2.) stimulation of DNA to produce mRNA (mRNA carries code for specific protein synthesis in cytoplasm)
3.) second messengers (cyclic AMP, Ca2+) |
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Term
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Definition
the binding of some hormones to cell membrane causes activation of carrier molecules located in or near membrane
carrier molecules increase movement of substrate or ions to INSIDE of cell
ex. insulin binding with receptor in membrane activates glucose transport molecules which bind glucose and diffuse with it to inside of cell |
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Term
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Definition
located at base of brain
attached to hypothalamus which controls both the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary |
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Term
role of growth hormone maintenance of plasma glucose
(need whiteboard) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
2 glands: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
part of sympathetic nervous system
secretes E and NE (fight or flight response) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases heart rate, O2 consumption, and glycogenolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| increases BP, constricts blood vessels |
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Term
role of catecholamines (E and NE) in substrate mobilization
(need whiteboard) |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones of adrenal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| promotes breakdown of tissue protein, stimulates mobilization of FA, stimulates liver production of glucose, blocks entrance of glucose into tissues, has anti-imflammatory and anti-immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys, helps control plasma volume and BP |
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Term
| role of cortisol in the maintenance of plasma glucose |
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Definition
| cortisol is a slower acting hormone whose response likely does not exert much of an effect on substrate utilization during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
secreted from β cells of islets of Langerhans
stimulates uptake by tissues of nutrients (eg. glucose, AA) |
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Term
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Definition
secreted from α cells of islets of Langerhans
stimulates mobilization of glucose from liver and FFA from adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by δ cells of islets of Langerhans
regulates insulin secretion and rate of absorption in GI tract |
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Term
| effect of insulin in enhancing the concentration of glucose inside muscle cells |
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Definition
in the presence of insulin, as extracellular glucose increases, intracellular glucose increases as well, forming a linear relationship
[image] |
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Term
| effect of insulin and glucagon on glucose and fatty acid uptake and mobilization |
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Definition
[image]
all actions of insulin reduce plasma glucose levels
all actions of glucagon increase plasma glucose levels |
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Term
| maintaining plasma glucose: a major challenge posed by exercise |
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Definition
glucose is taken up 7-20x faster during exercsie (depending on intensity) than rest
during intense exercise FA oxidation can't compensate for CHO usage
performing prolonged moderate to intense exercise is dependent upon maintaining plasma glucose levels |
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Term
| actions mediated by endocrine responses that maintain blood glucose homeostasis during exercise |
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Definition
1.) mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen (glycogenolysis)
2.) mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue
3.) synthesis of new glucose from AA and glycerol (gluconeogenesis)
4.) inhibition of glucose uptake |
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Term
| hormonal responses favoring mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen (1) |
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Definition
INC concentration of catecholamines (E and NE)
increased glucagon concentration due to actions of E and NE on α cells of pancreas
decreased insulin concentration due to actions of E and NE on β cells of pancreas
[image] |
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Term
hormonal responses favoring mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen (1) ctnd.
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Definition
*arrows for triglycerides, FFA, glycogen, glucose, and insulin should be DOWN*
[image]
all actions of insulin reduce plasma glucose levels
all actions of glucagon increase plasma glucose levels |
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Term
| muscle glycogen utilization |
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Definition
glycogenolysis is related to exercise intensity
(high intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion)
plasma E is a powerful stimulator of glycogenolysis
(high-intensity exercise results in greater increases in plasma E) |
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Term
| glycogen depletion during exercise |
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Definition
[image]
at 30 and 60, relying on fats, not carbs
at 75, running out of muscle and liver glycogen
at 120, less time to deplete because can't keep up intensity (fatiguing because of blood acidity)
*intense exercise requires muscle glycogen (carbs)*
*we have more fat stores, so spare carbs and use fats* |
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