Term
|
Definition
| -transmissible spongiform encephaloptathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you see prions under EM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are prions resistant or susceptible? |
|
Definition
| -extremely resistant to everything: UV, ionizing radiation, boiling for 30 mins, proteases, nucleases, and formaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Prions are a class of viruses. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, prions are NOT viruses |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Scrapie? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-sheep
-placenta, blood, fetal tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-cattle
-prion contaminated meat and bone meal |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Transmissible Mink Encephalpathy? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-mink
-prion contaminated meat |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Chronic Wasting Deases (CWD)? Source of incetion? |
|
Definition
-mule, deer, elk
-feces, placenta |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Feline Spongiform Encephaloptahy? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-cats, zoo fleids
-BSE-contaminated meat |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Exotic Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-kudu, nyala
-BSE-contaminated meal |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Atypical Scrapie and BSE? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-sheep, cattle
-Sporadic origin |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected spp of Kuru? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the affected species of Creuzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD)? Source of infection? |
|
Definition
-humans
-BSE-contaminated meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -prion proteins PrP(Sc) convert normal cellular proteins PrP(C) to rogue prion proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where doe PrP^C proteins come from? |
|
Definition
| -they are normal cellular glycoproteins that form part of the cell membranes of neurons and lymphoid cells |
|
|
Term
| What physical change converts PrP^C to PrP^Sc? |
|
Definition
| -the alpha helices are converted into beta sheets |
|
|
Term
| After lots of abnormal rogue PrP^Sc proteins are formed, then what happens? |
|
Definition
| -they accumualte, polymerize, and form helical rod-like structures |
|
|
Term
| Describe how an animal can be genetically predisposed to infection with Scrapie. |
|
Definition
-prsence of glutamine at codon 171 in PrP^C gene = susceptible
-those with arganine are not |
|
|
Term
| Describe the incubation of prions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Diseases caused by prions are always fatal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are prions transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -infected organs or secretions |
|
|
Term
| Where is pathology caused prions geographically restricted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the histopathological appearance of prion disease. |
|
Definition
| -vacuolation and degeneration of neurons (grey matter), hypertrophy of astrocytes, and by a COMPLETE ABSENCE OF INFLAMMATION |
|
|
Term
| True or False: There is an easily detected host immune respose to prions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -non-febrile, fatal, crhonic dz of sheep and goats characterized clinically by pruritis (itching and rubbing), tremors, weaving gait and incoordination, and eventual hindquarter paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation of scrapie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which age group of sheep is affected by scrapie? Which breeds are especially susceptible? |
|
Definition
-sheep older than 18m
-Suffolk (black face) breeds |
|
|
Term
| Where geographically does Scrapie occur? How is it naturally transmittted? |
|
Definition
-Europe and N. America
-ingestion and during birth |
|
|
Term
| The sheep most susceptible to Scrapie are those designated ______ and the most resistant are ______. Are heterozygous sheep resistant or susceptible? |
|
Definition
-171-QQ homozygous
-171RR homozygous
-resistant |
|
|
Term
| Outline the progression of clinical signs of Scrapie in sheep. |
|
Definition
| -aggression => pruritus (nibbling reflex) => uncoordination => emaciation => hindquarter paralysis |
|
|
Term
| In the US, Scrapie is under the control of which official office? How do they respond to infected farms? |
|
Definition
-USDA
-quarantine and test for genetic susceptibility, then slaughtered or tested for infection |
|
|
Term
| How are sheep genetically tested for Scrapie susceptability? |
|
Definition
| -PCR and prion testing on tissue by immunohistochemistry |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalotpathy was first recognized when and where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the clinical signs of BSE
? |
|
Definition
-period of hyper-excitability during which some animals become aggressive and charge people
-incoordination, ataxia, slow progressive paralysis |
|
|
Term
| How did the disease start spreading in 1986? To what other domestic animals did it spread? |
|
Definition
-ifected meat and bone meal fed to cows as protwin supplement
-to cats |
|
|
Term
| Is BSE constant or sporadic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 4th case of BSE in the US was reported on April 12, 2012. How did it happen? How did we fix it? |
|
Definition
-originated from feeding of contaminated cattle feed imported from Britain prior to the ban
-US banned importation of feed from Britain in 1997 |
|
|
Term
| How do we screen for BSE? |
|
Definition
| -section ofthe brian, brain stem, and spinal cord from slaughtered cattle are sectioned, put on slides, and digested with proteinase K (proteinase K digests PrP^C but not the PrP^Sc) and then treated with monoclonal Ab |
|
|
Term
| How is Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -carcasses of sheep infected with Scrapie were fed to minks and it was spread between minks by cannabilism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk |
|
|
Term
| Where was CWD first noted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -brain leasions typical of spongiform encephalotpathy |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by CWD? |
|
Definition
| -free ranging mule deer, black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, Mountain elk, and Shira's moose |
|
|
Term
| Which animals have the highest incidence of CWD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clincial signs of CWD? |
|
Definition
| -teeth grinding, abnormal behavior, excessive water intake, and marked loss of weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of infection of CWD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1988, a novel form of Scrapie wad identified in Norway. What makes it novel? |
|
Definition
| -affected the cerebellum as opposed to the medulla |
|
|
Term
| What are the novel forms of TSE? |
|
Definition
| -atypical bovine, ovine, and caprine spongiform encephalopaties |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are affected by novel forms of TSE? |
|
Definition
| -older, clinically normal animals |
|
|
Term
| What are a few synonyms of the term "rabies"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the family and genus of rabies virus? |
|
Definition
-Family: Rhabdoviridae
-Genus: Lyssavirus |
|
|
Term
| How many serotypes of rabies are there? What about strains? |
|
Definition
-one serotype
-many strains |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 straims of rabies virus? |
|
Definition
1) Street virus strain: refers to field isolates
2) fixed virus: virus that has been passaged and has reached a standard incubation time in that hose (usually less virulent)
3) Flurry strain: strain of human origin
4) Various variants have been isolated from different animal species and countries |
|
|
Term
| Rabies is present on most parts of the world except... |
|
Definition
| -Australia, New Zealand, Britain, Hawaii, Seychelles, and other islands |
|
|
Term
| All warm blooded mammals are susceptible but one species is quie resistant. What is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 principle rabies reservoirs in the US and where is it mostly in each? |
|
Definition
1) Skunks: central states & CA
2) Raccoons: SE
3) Foxes: North and SW
4) BAts: important reservoir throughout the US
5) Coyote: extreme southern region of TX |
|
|
Term
| How is rabies transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -bites and inhalation b/n bats |
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period of rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body does rabies virus replciate? |
|
Definition
| -muscle fibers in the vicinity of the NMJ near the bite would |
|
|
Term
| How does rabies get into the brain? Where does it finally end up? |
|
Definition
-migrates up the nerve by axoplasm flow to infect the neurons
-virus then spreads centripetally to salivary glands and other organs via nerve cells |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is rabies excreted? Thus is there a notable viremia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Rabies virus is never present in the saliva before clinical signs of rabies are seen. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, can be in salive before clinical signs are seen |
|
|
Term
| In domestic animals in the US and MX, is rabies usually fatal? What about in the Philippines and Africa? |
|
Definition
-uniformly fatal in US and MX
-can suvive and act as a reservoir in PHilippines and Africa |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of rabies? |
|
Definition
1) Prodromal form
2) Furious form
3) dumb or paralytic form |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The one and only way in which rabies progresses is from prodromal form => furious form => paralytic form. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE can have one, two, or three forms in any order |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the prodromal form of raies? |
|
Definition
-change in temperment, slight fever, dilation of pupils, lick the site of bite wound constantly
-horses present with lameness |
|
|
Term
| How does the furious form of rabies present/ |
|
Definition
-loos fear of humans
-abnormal aggressive behavior wihtou provocation
-change in voice
-salivation without ability to swallow
-abnormal sexual behavior
-tenesmus with paralysis of tail and anal sphincter msucles |
|
|
Term
| How does the paralytic form of rabies present? |
|
Definition
-progressive ascending paralysis starting with hind legs and spreading anteriorly
-death quickly follows after the onset of paralysis |
|
|
Term
| How does rabies present histopathologically? |
|
Definition
-non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal degeneration, perivascular cuffing
-negri bodies often seen |
|
|
Term
| What does a Negri body look like? |
|
Definition
| -eosinophilic round inclusions in the cytoplasm of neuons in CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important tests used to diagnose rabies? |
|
Definition
| -IFA an d immunoperoxidase |
|
|
Term
| How does the mouse inoculationt est for rabies work? |
|
Definition
| -inoculate mice with homogenized tissue intracerebrally then do a FA test on brain of dead or euthanized mice |
|
|
Term
| How do we serologically test man for rabies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we use PCR to test for rabies? |
|
Definition
| -look for the presence of genomic RNA and mRNA |
|
|
Term
| Rabies vaccinated animal have which immunoglobulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ___% of people exposed to bites of rabid dog will develop rabies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the recombinant rabies vaccine used on wild animals contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccine protocol for rabies for domestic animals? |
|
Definition
| -at 3m, 1y, then yearly or every 3y |
|
|
Term
| If a human is bitten by a rabid dog, what are our options? |
|
Definition
-euthanize immediately and send brain to State lab
-confine animal for 10d and observe |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a vaccinated pet is bitten? |
|
Definition
| -give a booster within 5d |
|
|
Term
| What happens when an unvaccinated animal is bitten? |
|
Definition
-euthanize immediately
-quarantine for 6m under vet supervision and vaccinate 3 times |
|
|
Term
| True or False: For post-exposure treatment in vaccinated humans, we give immune globulin. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, do not give immune globulin to persons that have been vaccinated |
|
|
