Term
| what are the primary lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the secondary lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- groups of lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (peyer's patch) |
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Term
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Definition
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
- thymus |
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Term
| what kinds of lymphocytes are born in the bone marrow? |
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Definition
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes |
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Term
| B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are made in bone marrow from immmature blood cells, once they are mature, they have to pass into the lumen of the sinusoid in order to get into ciruclation. To do this they perform ___ and then enter circulation via the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- diakinesis
- nutrient vein |
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Term
| B cells become ___ after exposure to an antigen in the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- immunocompetent
- bone marrow |
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Term
| B lymphocytes are resonsible for the ___ immune response, which is dependent on ___ formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ cell is a mature B cell that secretes ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| B cells can mature into ___ cells or __ ____ cells. |
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Definition
- plasma cells
- B memory cells- upon exposure to same antigen again, causes immune system to respond in a more vigorous way |
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Term
| Activated/mature B lymphocytes secrete ___ that bind to the surface of the antigen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once an antigen is tagged with an immunoglobulin, ___ can destroy it. |
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Definition
macrophages
- Kupffer cells in liver
- Dust cells in lung
- microglia in brain |
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Term
| T cells migrate to the __ of the __to become ____. |
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Definition
- cortex of the thymus
- immunocompetent |
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Term
| T cells are responsible for __ __ ___ response. |
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Definition
| - cell mediated immune response |
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Term
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Definition
- cytotoxic T cells: cause lysis of foreign matter
- T helper cells- present antigen to the B cells, and thus activate them |
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Term
| So while both the T and B lymphocytes are made in the __ ___, B cells mature in the ___ ___ while T cells mature in the ___. |
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Definition
- bone marrow
- bone marrow
- thymus |
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Term
| diffuse lymphoid tissue is not sharply delineated and has no special organization. It is found in the ___ ___ of the ___ and ___ tracts. |
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Definition
- lamina propria
- gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts |
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Term
| components of diffuse lymphoid tissue: |
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Definition
- macrophages
- lymphocytes
- reticular cells
- reticular stroma- reticular fibers made of type III collagen |
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Term
| reticular stroma provides framework for ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| lymphoid nodules aka ____can be in dense agggretation or as inidividual spherical masses. They are made up of __ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| is nodular lymphoid tissue encapsulated or non-encapsulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| primary lymphoid nodules lack ___ centers. |
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Definition
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Term
| primary lymphoid nodule consists of densely packed __ ___ that become plasma cells after being stimulated by an antigen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary lymphoid nodules contain a ___ center that stains ___. These form in response to an ___ __. These nodules contain ___ and ___ __ ___. |
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Definition
- germinal
- light
- antigen response
- lymphoblasts
- proliferating B cells |
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Term
| palpable lymph nodes in a health person: |
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Definition
- submandibular
- axillary
- inguinal |
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Term
| lymph nodes are found most predominantly in the : |
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Definition
- neck
- axilla
- groin
- major vessels like the aorta and iliac vessels |
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Term
| are lymph nodes encapsulated or non-encapsulated? |
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Definition
| - encapsulated lymph nodes |
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Term
| lymph nodes filter lymph. all lymph is filtered at least once before returning to circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood plasma that gets into tissues |
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Term
| lymph vessels drain where? |
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Definition
| - left and right subclavian veins, which meet up with the internal jugular veins |
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Term
| Lymph nodes have multiple ___ lymph vessels, but only 1 or 2 ___ vessels. |
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Definition
- multiple afferent in lymph nodes
- only 1 or 2 efferent in lymph nodes |
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Term
| ___ is the region of the lymph node where blood vessels enter and efferent lymphatic vessels exit. |
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Definition
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Term
| the capsule around lymph nodes is what kind of tissue? |
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Definition
| - dense irregular connective tissue with a subcapsular sinus found deep which receives afferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| ____ project from the capsule into the parenchyma of the lymph node. |
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Definition
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Term
| lymph nodes, like secondary lymphoid nodules, have a distince ___ center. |
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Definition
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Term
| lymph nodes have a ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| the outer cortex of lymph nodes is rich with ___ ___ ____. the inner cortex contains __ ___ __ cells that interact with b cells to induce their proliferation and differentiation. |
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Definition
- B-lymphocyte nodules
- CD4 Helper T cells |
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Term
| The medulla lies central to the cortex and extends to the hilum. The medulla is made of ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___. |
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Definition
- medullary cords
- reticular fibers
- medullary sinuses |
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Term
| Medullary cords are branching partitions of ___ ___ from the ___ ___. These cords contain ___, __ , and ___ ___. |
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Definition
- reticular tissue
- inner cortex
- B cells
- macrophages
- plasma cells |
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Term
| activated B cells migrate from the ___ as ___ ___ and then enter the ___ ___ to secrete immunoglobulins. |
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Definition
- cortex
- plasma cells
- medullary sinus |
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Term
| role of medullary sinuses, and what are these sinuses lined by? |
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Definition
- transport lymph through the lymph node
- endothelial cells surrounded by reticular cells and macrophages |
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Term
| medullary sinuses are similar to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the endothelial lining of the medullary sinus and of veins is made of what kind of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ___ ___ with valves pierce the capsule and drain into the ___ ____. |
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Definition
- Afferent lymphatic vessels
- subcapsular sinuses |
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Term
| ____ (___) ___ extend radially from the subcapsular sinuses through the ___. |
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Definition
- Paratrabecular (cortical) sinuses
- cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| - afferent lymph vessels> subcapsular sinueses> paratrabecular sinuses > cortex> medulla> medullary sinuses> efferent vessels> exit at hilum |
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Term
| medullary sinuses converge at the ___ to form the __ ___ vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| blood enters the lymph nodes at the ___ via one or two ____. These vessels divide into ___ ____ which further ramify the ___ network corresponding to the ___ __ ___ and __ ___. |
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Definition
- hylum
- arterioles
- medullary branches
- capillary network
- cortical lymphoid nodules and deep cortex |
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Term
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Definition
- palatine
- pharyngeal
- lingual |
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Term
| tonsils consist of an ___ group of ___ ___ that are a protective entrance into the ____. |
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Definition
- encapsulated groups of lymphoid nodules
- oropharynx |
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Term
| ___ palatine tonsils are found between the ___ cavity and ___. |
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Definition
- Two
- oral cavity
- oropharynx |
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Term
| Palatine tonsils are surrounded by a capsule that is covered by ____ ___ ___ ___. this is the same type of cells that line the mouth. |
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Definition
| - non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| The pharyngeal tonsil is found at the __ of the ____. |
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Definition
| - roof of the nasopharynx |
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Term
| when the pharyngeal tonsil is inflammed it is called an ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - what the pharyngeal tonsil is called when it is inflammed |
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Term
| The pharyngeal tonsil is covered by ____ ___ ___ ___ (___). This type of cell also lines the ___ cavity. |
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Definition
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)
- nasal |
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Term
| The lingual tonsil is found on the ___ ___ surface of the tongue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The lingual tonsil is covered with ____ ___ ____ ____, and has numerus ___ and a single ___. This is the same type of cells that line the ___. |
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Definition
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epitheium
- numerous glands
- single crypt
- tongue |
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Term
| what is the first lymphoid organ to develop? |
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Definition
- thymus
- most active in childhood
- reaches its greatest weight at puberty and then begins to involute |
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Term
| the thymus produces __ ___ from immature stem cells. The thymus has only ___ lymphatic vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thymus consists of _ lobes that are divided into many incomplete lobes by ___ ___ ___ from the capsule. Each lobule consists of a __ and ___. |
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Definition
- 2
- connective tissue trebechulae
- cortex and medulla |
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Term
| developing T cells are called ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thymus lacks ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maturing T cells in the cortex of the thymus move to the ___, enter blood vessels, and migrate to ____ ___ ___ and reside there as ___ __ ___. |
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Definition
- medulla
- non-thymic lymphoid tissue
- mature T cells |
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Term
| The Blood-thymus barrier is only present in the ___ of the thymus. It is made by thymic ___ cells connected by ___ and the endothelial cells connected by __- ___ surrounding a capillary. Prevents immature T cells from being exposed to antigen. |
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Definition
- cortex
- epithelial
- desmosomes
- endothelial cells
- tight junctions |
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Term
| ___ bodies aka ____ bodies are found in the __ of the thymus and are composed of circularly arranged ___ __ ___. These bodies fill with ___ and may calcify. |
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Definition
- Thymic aka Hassall's
- epithelial reticular cells
- keratin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Involution is common in all lymphoid tissue. With the thymus, this process involves the loss of ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___ which are replaced by __ cells. |
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Definition
- cortical T lymphocytes
- epithelial reticular cells
- adipose |
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Term
| The thymus receives blood supply from branches from the ___ ___ artery and the __ ___ arteries. These enter the thymus at the ___ ___. Then, in the ____ ___ these vessels give rise to small ___ arranged arterioles and capillary loops that supply the cortex and medulla. |
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Definition
- internal thoracic artery
- inferior thyroid arteries
- interlobar septa
- corticomedullary junction
- radially |
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Term
| The spleen fights ___ and controls ___ balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| spleen is on the ___ side of body above the ___ and to the left of the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is largest lymphoid organ and it located where? |
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Definition
- spleen
- upper left quadrant |
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Term
| spleen is surrounded by a __ that sends ___ into substance of the spleen. The ___ is found at the concave region where __ and __ enter and ___ and __ ___ leave. |
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Definition
- capsule
- trabeculae
- hilum
- arteries and nerves
- veins and lymph vessels |
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Term
| THERE IS NO __ OR __ IN THE SPLEEN. |
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Definition
| NO CORTEX OR MEDULLA IN THE SPLEEN |
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Term
| Instead of a cortex and medulla, the spleen has ___ __ and __ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Red pulp of spleen consists of ___ sinuses and thin plates of cells called ___ __ aka ___ ___. |
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Definition
- vascular sinuses
- splenic cords aka Billroth's cords |
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Term
| White pulp of spleen consists of tighly packed ___ and __ ___. |
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Definition
lymphocytes
lymphoid nodules |
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Term
| The ___ ___ separates the red pulp from the white pulp in the spleen. This area contains what? |
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Definition
- marginal zone
- plasma cells, B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, antigen presenting cells
- sinuses in the marginal zone surround the lymphoid nodules |
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Term
| white pulp contains a central ___ or ___, the ___, the __ of _ __, and __ __ __, and the __ ___. |
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Definition
- artery or arteriole
- PALS
- corona of B cells
- antigen presenting cells
- germinal center |
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Term
| red pulp consists of ___ arterioles, the ___ -___ ___, the ___ ___, and the __ cells that form the stroma of the ___ ___and cells of the circulating blood. |
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Definition
- penicillar
- macrophage- sheathed capillaries
- splenic sinusoids
- reticular cells that form the stroma of the splenic cords |
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Term
| branches of the splenic artery enter the ___ and become ___ arteries. And then these arteries become the central arterioles that become surrounded by __ cells that form the _____ __ ___. |
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Definition
- trabeculae and become trabecular arteries
- T cells
- perarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) |
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Term
| blood from the marginal sinus and central arteriole flows through the ___ arterioles which end in a capillary network surrounded by ___ called the __ ___ ___. These capillaries drain into the ___ ___ of the __ pulp. |
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Definition
- penicillar arterioles
- macrophages
- macrophage sheathed capillaries
- splenic sinusoid
- red pulp |
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Term
| closed circulation of spleen: |
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Definition
| - endothelial lining of terminal capillaries is continuous with the sinusoid endothelium |
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Term
| open circulation of spleen: |
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Definition
| - the capillaries terminate prior to reaching the sinusoids, thus blood flows through the red pulp into the sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| - some vessels directly connect with sinusoids while others terminate with open channels in the red pulp |
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Term
| endothelial cells of the splenic sinusoids are ___ and are separated by __ __ spacees. |
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Definition
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Term
| blood flows from the splenic sinusoids into the ___ veins, which drain into the __ veins, which ultimately form the ___ __. |
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Definition
- pulp veins
- trabechular veins
- splenic vein |
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Term
| The splenic vein merges with the __ ___ vein to make the __ __ vein. |
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Definition
- superior mesenteric vein
- hepatic portal vein |
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