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• Building blocks for all living organisms—the necessary life reactions happen here
• Take energy, convert energy usable form, produce necessary stuff for growth and reproduction
• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic |
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| • Total activity that a cell is undergoing at once |
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• Stuff the contents of a cell is suspended in
• Cytosol is a waterly liquid that takes up the empty spaces |
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• Single-celled organisms…bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)
• People think that these came before eukaryotic
• No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus—nucleoid instead
• Since no nucleus or cytoskeleton, no mitosis, but still cell division |
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• Protists, plants, fungi, animals (eukaryotes)
• Bigger, more complex, have organelles with membranes
• Nucleus, cytoskeleton
• Diagram on page 68 |
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Definition
| • Specialized compartments in a cell with specific functions, usually have a plasma membrane |
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• Only in eukaryotic cells
• Usually the biggest organelle in the cell
• Has hereditary stuff
• Nucleolus in the middle, nucleoplasm with DNA, then nuclear evnelope on outside
• Proteins here copy DNA: replication chromatin becomes chromosomes
• DNA can be transcripted to RNA here to make proteins
• Double bilayer made of two phospholipid bilayers |
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| • Thing that has DNA in prokaryotes—no membrane |
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• Little cylindrical organelle near nucleus in animal cells
• Pairs, helps make spindle fibers during cell division |
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Nucleolus
• Little, dense, in center of nucleus
• Ribosome assembly starts here
• Surrounded by nucleoplasm |
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• Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Connected with ER |
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Definition
• Combination of DNA and other proteins
• In nucleoplasm
• Form chromosomes when it’s time to divide |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
• Network of membranes—from nucleus, extends through cytoplasm
• Looks like a bunch of flattened sacs greater surface area more protein processing/synthesis
• Rough ER and smooth ER |
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Definition
• Closer to nucleus
• Little dots along membranes are ribosomes looks rough
• Receives RNA from nucleus and ribosomes translate it into proteins |
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• Farther from nucleus and more cirlce looking than flat
• No ribosomes smooth and no protein synthesis
• Make and process lipids/fatty acids |
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Definition
• Complexes of RNA and proteins
• Translate RNA into proteins
• Line the Rough ER and give it its rough appearance |
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• Modifies/sorts/sends out products from rough and smooth ER
• Sends out finished products in vesicles; vesicles visible on outer side
• Looks like ER but farther from nuclear envelope |
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Definition
• Modifies/sorts/sends out products from rough and smooth ER
• Sends out finished products in vesicles; vesicles visible on outer side
• Looks like ER but farther from nuclear envelope |
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Definition
• Small, circular membrane-bound sacs on outer side of Golgi apparatus, made of its membrane
• They pinch off and are sent somewhere with protein product, sometimes release stuff to the outside of the cell when they hit the membrane
• Primary purpose is to transport stuff |
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Definition
• Membrane-bound areas for storage in a cell
• Central vacuole in plant cells can be almost 80% of plant cell’s volume
• Has cell sap in it
• Stores proteins and ions, disposes of harmful waste
• Absorbs water cell retains shape, grows, doesn’t need as much energy |
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Definition
• Use enzymes to digest and break down large molecules: proteins, large sugars, fats, DNA
• Cell can use the stuff that the lysosomes break down (like recycling)
• Apoptosis! Suicide proteins can destroy cell |
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Definition
• Powerhouse—cellular respiration happens here
• Oval shape
• Have a double membrane—inner membrane folds and crisscrosses, the folds are called cristae
• Cells that use a lot of energy have a lot of mitochondria (e.g. muscle cells) |
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Term
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Definition
• Organelle just found in plant cells
• Photosynthesis happens here, cell stores energy from sun by making glucose
• Round, kind of flat, like a squashed ball of dough
• Double membrane, but no folds
• Thylakoids inside chloroplasts: flat, coin-like sacs that are stacked to make granum
• Stroma (fluid) fills space between granum and inner membrane
• Have cholorphyll to capture sunlight |
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Definition
• A family of plant organelles that capture sunlight using pigments
• Includes chloroplasts |
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Definition
• Theoretical process
o Cells that could do respiration/photosynthesis were eaten by other cells
o The swallowed cells lost other functions and became specialized organelles
• Evidence
o Cholorplasts and mitochondria self-reproduce, independent of cell’s division
o They have their own DNA |
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Definition
• Organelle that makes hydrogen peroxide in a cell (H2O2)
• Hydrogen peroxide is harmful in cytoplasm, but helps peroxisome detox other harmful things in the cell like alcohols
• Also makes enzymes that break down H2O2 so it doesn’t hurt the cell |
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Definition
• Network of thin microfilaments, thick microtubles, intermediate filaments (fibers) in cytosol
• Microfilaments made of actin sliding along myosin filaments muscle contraction
• Helps cell keep its shape, keep organelles, in place, move contents of cell like in mitosis
• Its structure and organelle distribution help in cell division
• Cilia and flagella are parts of it that are outside the cell, only some cells have them |
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• Tiny little hairlike vibrating things on surface of some cells
• Helps some cells move or make currents in surrounding fluid
• Beat the liquid like oars |
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• Thin threadlike structure on surface of cells that helps protozoa, bacteria, etc. to swim
• Whip like snakes |
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Definition
• Surrounds a cell
• Functions: transportation, separation, reaction site, structure
• Made of a phospholipid billayer
• Transmembrane proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
• Proteins that can go in the plasma membrane because they’re part hydrophobic/hydrophilic
• Hydrophobic part on inside and hydrophilic part on heads
• Can join two cells, relay signals across membrane, transport large molecules |
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Term
| Glycoproteins and Glycolipids |
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Definition
• Proteins and lipids in plasma membrane
• Have an oligosaccharide, small polysaccharide chain, cellular identification signals
• Important part of immune system—helps identify which cells are foreign |
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Term
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Definition
| • Helps membrane retain structure at high temperatures and fluidity at low temperatures |
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• Strutcture of plasma membrane
• Mosaic: many different molecules; fluid: molecules can move around—drift laterally
• Diagram on page 73 |
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• It is the parts of the cell that can exhange membranes
• ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, plasma membrane made of similar membranes
• Easy molecular transport inside, outside, or within cell |
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Definition
• Surrounds cell and plasma membrane—additional support and structure
• All bacterial cells have one made of peptidoglycan
• Plant cells
o Made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, protein
o Helps cells maintain shape, plants grow upright, protect plant cells from damage |
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Term
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Definition
| • Tendency of molecules to spread from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
• Difference in concentration of a substance dissolved in a solvent
• e.g. the difference between [substance] inside cell and [substance] outside cell
• If things are diffusing from high to low, it’s “with” the concentration gradient |
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Definition
• Doesn’t require any energy—natural diffusion of something from high to low concentration
• Always with the concentration gradient |
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Definition
• Movement of water to correct a concentration gradient
• Form of passive transport |
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Definition
| • Embedded in cell membranes, help with active transport/passive transport |
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• Transport that requires energy—moving molecules against the concentration gradient
• e.g. sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells |
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