Term
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Definition
•Simplest form of a substance—can’t be broken down any further
•Atoms of an element can’t be broken down any further under normal circumstances
•Copper, gold, carbon, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
•Nucleus with protons+ and neutrons, little elctrons orbit it
•Number of protons in nucleus = atomic number
•Atomic symbol = abbreviation, e.g. Au for gold
•Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
•Ground state = electrically equal, same number of protons and electrons •Most stable with enough electrons to complete the outermost orbit level |
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Term
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Definition
•Atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons different mass number
•As isotopes decay (like 14C 12C) they give off radiation uses like carbon dating and molecular tagging |
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Term
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Definition
•Calculated to account for number and frequency of isotopes
•Weight of all electrons and neutrons of an element in a naturally occurring sample
•Usually a little off from the mass number of most common isotope |
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Term
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Definition
•Atom combos held together by a bond
•Help atoms complete outermost orbit levels
•Different physical proterties from their individual elements |
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Term
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Definition
•One atom “donates” an electron to another atom
•Atoms get electrically charged ions
•Ex: Na+Cl
•Held together because opposites attract |
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Term
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Definition
| •Any atom/group of bound atoms that has a positive or negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
•Two atoms share electrons molecule
•Sometimes equal sharing (like CH4, methane) nonpolar covalent bond
•Sometimes unequal sharing (like H2O) because of deifferent electronegativity levels
•Result of unequal sharing is a polar covalent bond with slightly charged parts |
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Term
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Definition
•No sharing/donating electrons
•Interactions betweene positive and negative parts of two polar covalent molecules
•Not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds
•Frequent among water molecules
•Stabilize stuff like DNA and several proteins |
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Term
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Definition
•92 natural elements, but only 25 needed for life
•96% of living matter is carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| • Aqueous part of a cell’s cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| •Polar covalent bond or ionic bond |
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Term
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Definition
| •Polar substances that dissolve easily in water |
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Definition
•Nonpolar, don’t dissolve in water; often separate (e.g. oil)
•Simple hydrocarbons and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
•4 covalent bonds versitale, flexible, carbon chains, large molecules
•“C” sometimes omitted in diagrams because hydrocarbons are so common
•Bond with many functional groups |
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Term
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Definition
•Usually hydrophobic
•Simplest carbon chains, just carbon and hydrogen
•e.g. methane/propane |
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Term
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Definition
| •Carbon chain bonded to hydroxyl group |
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Term
| Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amine, Phosphate |
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Definition
•Common functional groups that attach to carbon
•Diagrams page 54 |
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Term
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Definition
• -OH
• Forms alcohol with carbon |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Really big organic molecules—can have thousands of atoms
• Little molecules linked together |
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Term
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Definition
• Sugars/linked chains of sugar molecules
• Primary food source for cells
• e.g. starch, cellulose, glucose, fructose (many are –ose)
• Usually a multiple of CH2O formula |
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Term
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Definition
• Simplest carbohydrates
• e.g. glucose
• Ring or linear form (ring is more common)
• Covalently bond to each other with dehydration reactions disaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
• C6H12O6
• Cells take their energy from glucose most important monosaccharide
• Galactose and fructose are isomers |
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Term
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Definition
| • Big molecules, made up of identical molecules linked together with covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
• Building blocks for polymers
• Identical |
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Term
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Definition
• Interaction between hydroxyl groups
• Carbon atom in one sugar and oxygen atom from other sugar bond covalently
• A water molecule is lost
• Commonly used to make monosaccharides into disaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
• Add a water molecule to a polymer it breaks up
• Opposite of a dehydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| • Two monosaccharides linked in a dehydration reaction |
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Term
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Definition
• Different compounds that have the same chemical formula
• Same atoms, same proportions, different spatial arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
• Many monosaccharides linked together
• Store energy: starch/glycogen
• Structure: cellulose, chitin (exoskeletons in insects, spiders, crustaceans) |
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Term
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Definition
• Polysaccharide made of glucose
• Stores energy in plants when they can’t get it from the sun, humans eat it a lot
• Real name is “amylase” |
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Term
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Definition
• Main part of cell walls in plants
• Polysaccharide
• Very strong good for structure and can’t be disested by most organisms |
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Definition
• Organic molecules that do most of the work in a cell
• Assemble, disassemble, transport molecules, structure for cells and organisms
• Made of amino acids and several layers of folding |
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Term
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Definition
• AKA monopeptide
• Amine, side chain (R-group), carboxyl (diagram page 57)
• 20 different types in proteins, identified by R-group |
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Term
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Definition
• Made by a dehydration reaction, makes a bond between two amino acids
• Hydroxyl from carboxyl of one amino acid combines with hydrogen from amino side
• Covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
• Chains of amino acids made by peptide bonds
• Always have an N-C-C backbone |
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Term
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Definition
• Gives proteins their specific shapes
• Primary structure: chain of amino acids
• Secondary structure: alpha helix or beta sheet, hydrogen bonding among amino acids
• Tertiary structure: hydrophobic activity, disulfide bonds, salt bridges
• Quaternary structure: multiple folded polypeptides join together (not present in all proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
• When proteins lose their shape can’t do their original function
• Wrong temperature, pH, salt concentration, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
• Mainly RNA, DNA
• Instructions for life! Basis of inheritance
• Polymers made of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
• Single stranded nucleic acid
• Ribose sugar
• Uses uracil
• Several different types
o Messenger/mRNA: intermediary between DNA and protein-making process
o Transfer/tRNA: carries amino acids linked during protein synthesis. Clover!
o Ribosomal/rRNA: helps make proteins, important part of ribosome
o Other small ones are mini-enzymes
o Some viruses use RNA for genetic material |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
• Two strands held together by hydrogen bonding between base pairs
• One 3’ to 5’ strand; one 5’ to 3’ strand
• Deoxyribose sugar (one fewer oxygen than ribose)
• Uses thymine
• Stores the information for the cell—genetic material
• Each mate passes one half to offspring in sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
• Buiding blocks of nucleic acids
• Structure
o Pentose sugar (5 carbons)
o Phosphate group
o Nucleotide base
• Diagram on page 60
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with adenine that has three phosphate groups |
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Term
| Pentose Sugar in a Nucleotide |
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Definition
• Five carbons
• Ribose in RNA
• Deoxyribose (one less oxygen) in DNA
• Covalently bonded to sugar and phosphate group |
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Term
| Phosphate Group in a Nucleotide |
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Definition
• Phosphate group from one nucleotide binds to sugar of another nucleotide
• Phosphodiester linkage (dehydration reaction)
• Sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate backbone of nucleic acids |
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Term
| Nucleotide Base in a Nucleotide |
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Definition
• Stick out from backbone of nucleic acid
• All have nitrogen nitrogenous bases
• Five types: adenine A, cytosine C, guanine G, thymine T, uracil U
• T only in DNA, U only in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
• Named for carbon on sugar closest to that end
• 5’ carbon attaches to phosphate group of nucleotide
• 3’ carbon attaches to phosphate group of another nucleotide
• Strands of DNA go in opposing directions |
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Term
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Definition
• Nucleotide bases stick out from backbone, so they can interact with those of other strands
• Cytosine matches with guanine
• Adenine matches with thymine or uracil |
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Term
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Definition
• Twisted shape formed by two DNA strands
• Figured out by Watson and Crick 1953
• Diagram page 61 |
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Term
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Definition
• Macromolecules, but not polymers
• Mostly made up of hydrocarbons mostly hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
• Store energy, lipids
• Long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids
• Usually triaclylglycerol: three fatty acids with a glycerol
• Stored by many animals as adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
• Lipids made of hydrocarbons arranged in rings
• e.g. cholesterol (used for structure) and some hormones |
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Term
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Definition
• Lipids
• Two fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol
• Different from fats because they have a phosphate group with a hydrophilic molecule instead of third fatty acid attached to third carbon of glycerol
• Amphiphathic—glycerol, phosphate group, R-group are hydrophilic head, fatty acids are hydrophobic tails
• Form bilayers
o Used for plasma membrane of all cells
o Few molecules in hydrophilic cytosol can get through hydrophobic part in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
• Three carbons with hydrophilic hydroxyl groups
• Backbone of fatty acids in fats |
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