Term
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Definition
Voluntary skeletal movement
Fine repetitive movement
Control of eye movement |
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Term
| Cerebral cortex contains: |
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Definition
General movement
Visceral functions
Perception
Behavior
Integration of functions |
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Term
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Definition
Processes sensory data:
-Interpretation of tactile sensations (i.e., temperature, pressure, pain, size, shape, texture, and two-point discrimination)
-Recognition of body parts and awareness of body position (proprioception)
-Visual sensations
-Gustatory sensations
-Olfactory sensations
-Auditory sensations
-Association fibers provide communication between the sensory and motor areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the primary vision center and provides interpretation of visual data |
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Term
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Definition
Perception and interpretation of sounds and determination of their source
Integration of taste, smell, and balance
Reception of speech and interpretation of speech are located in Wernicke area. |
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Term
| Basal ganglia system's role: |
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Definition
Extrapyramidal pathway and processing station between the cerebral motor cortex and the upper brainstem
Refine motor movements through interconnections with:
Thalamus
Motor cortex
Reticular formation
Spinal cord
-Aids in integration of voluntary movement to produce steady and precise movements
-Processes sensory information
Eyes, ears, touch receptors, and musculoskeleton
-Uses sensory data for reflexive control of:
Muscle tone
Equilibrium
Posture |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
Controls many involuntary functions
The nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves arise from these structures. |
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Term
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Definition
Thirty-one pairs arise from the spinal cord.
Exit at each intervertebral foramen
Sensory and motor fibers of each spinal nerve supply receive information in a specific body distribution called a dermatome. |
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Term
| Neurologic changes in pregnant women: |
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Definition
Hypothalamic-pituitary neurohormonal changes occur with pregnancy.
Specific alterations in the neurologic system are not well identified.
Common alterations:
-Increase nap and sleep time
-Do not feel rested after sleep
-Leg cramps and restless leg syndrome |
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Term
| Neuro changes in older adults: |
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Definition
The number of cerebral neurons decreases with aging, but this is not necessarily associated with deteriorating mental function.
Vast number of reserve neurons inhibits the appearance of clinical signs.
Velocity of nerve impulse conduction declines.
Slowed response time
Diminished touch and pain perception |
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Term
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Definition
-Seizures or convulsions
-Pain
-Gait coordination
-Weakness or paresthesia
-Tremor |
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Term
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Definition
Trauma: brain, spinal cord, or localized injury
Meningitis, encephalitis, lead poisoning, poliomyelitis
Deformities, congenital anomalies, genetic syndromes
Cardiovascular or circulatory problem
Neurologic disorder, brain surgery, and residual effects |
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Term
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Definition
Hereditary disease
Alcoholism
Mental retardation
Epilepsy, seizure disorder, or headaches
Alzheimer disease or other dementia
Learning disorders
Weakness or gait disorders
Medical or metabolic disorder |
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Term
| Personal and social Hx for Neuro: |
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Definition
Environmental or occupational hazards
Hand, eye, foot dominance, family patterns of dexterity and dominance
Ability to care for self
Sleeping and eating patterns
Use of alcohol and drugs |
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Term
| Older adults Hx for Neuro |
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Definition
Pattern of increased stumbling, falls, unsteadiness, or decreased agility
Interference with performance of ADLs, social withdrawal, feelings about symptoms
Hearing loss, vision deficit, or anosmia
Fecal or urinary incontinence
Transient neurologic deficits
May indicate transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve 1 & neuro check |
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Definition
Olfactory Sensory and smell
Test for odor identification |
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Term
| Cranial Nerve 2 & neuro check: |
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Definition
Optic (CN II) Sensory and visual acuity
Test for visual acuity
Test visual fields
Perform ophthalmologic examination
With patient wearing glasses, test each eye separately on eye chart/ card using an eye cover.
Examine visual fields by confrontation by wiggling fingers 1 foot from pt's ears, asking which they see move. • Keep examiner's head level with patient's head.
If poor visual acuity, map fields using fingers and a quadrant-covering card.
Look into fundi. |
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Term
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Definition
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
Motor and eye movement, pupil size, eyelid opening
Inspect eyelids for drooping.
Inspect pupils for size and equality.
Test consensual response and accommodation.
Test extraocular eye movements.
-Look at pupils: shape, relative size, ptosis.
-Shine light in from the side to gauge pupil's light reaction.
- Assess both direct and consensual responses.
-Assess afferent pupillary defect by moving light in arc from pupil to pupil. unne).
-Follow finger with eyes without moving head": test the 6 cardinal points in an H pattern.
- Look for failure of movement, nystagmus [pause to check it during upward/ lateral gaze].
-Convergence by moving finger towards bridge of pt's nose.
-Test accommodation by pt looking into distance, then a hat pin 30cm from nose. |
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Term
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Definition
Trigeminal (CN V) Mixed: muscle tone and sensation
Inspect face for atrophy or tremors.
Palpate jaw for tone and strength.
Test for pain and sensation.
Test corneal reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
Facial
Mixed: facial expressions and taste
Inspect facial symmetry.
Test tongue for salt and sweet.
Acoustic (CN VIII) Sensory, hearing, and balance
Test hearing.
Compare bone and air conduction.
Test for sound lateralization. |
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Term
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Mixed: taste and swallowing
Test tongue for sour and bitter.
Test gag reflex and swallow.
Vagus (CN X) Mixed: swallowing and speech
Inspect palate and uvula for symmetry.
Inspect for swallow difficulty.
Evaluate guttural speech sounds.
Voice: hoarse or nasal.
Pt. swallows, coughs (bovine cough: recurrent laryngeal).
Examine palate for uvular displacement. (unilateral lesion: uvula drawn to normal side).
Pt says "Ah": symmetrical soft palate movement.
Gag reflex [sensory IX, motor X]: • Stimulate back of throat each side Normal to gag each time. |
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Term
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Definition
Spinal accessory (CN XI) Motor and muscle strength
Test trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle strength.
Hypoglossal (CN XII) Motor and tongue strength
Inspect tongue for symmetry/tremors/atrophy.
Test tongue movement.
Test tongue strength.
Evaluate lingual speech sounds. |
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