Term
| A state of awareness of self, environment and responses that consists of arousal and awareness |
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Definition
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Term
| This "state of awakeness" is mediated by the Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
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Term
| This refers to all cognitive functions that embody knowledge of self, environment and affective states (mood.) |
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Definition
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Term
| The content of your thought is a component of your ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| If your mental arousal is altered by a lesion that affects an area, it is a _________ Alteration in Arousal |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural alterations in arousal are based on . . . . |
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Definition
| the location of the lesion (e.g. subdural) |
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Term
| This alteration is arousal is caused by interruptions in the delivery of energy substrates: |
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Definition
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Term
| If the delivery of a needed bodily product is interrupted (hypoglycemia, ischemia, hypoxia,) it is what type of arousal alteration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic alterations in arousal might be caused by (3 eg's given.) |
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Definition
| hypoglycemia, ischemia or hypoxia |
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Term
| Bilateral hemisphere damage or suppression (such as hypoxia, hypoglycemia, uremia, toxins, etc . . .) may cause: |
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Definition
| Prolonged state of unconsciousness. |
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Term
| Prolonged states of unconsciousness can be caused when structural or metabolic process working on this brain system. |
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Definition
| Reticular Activating System |
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Term
| While typing note cards, Buck would like to be ingesting this. |
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Definition
| A malty, hopped beverage. |
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Term
| 5 elements of a Neurologic Evaluation |
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Definition
| Level of consciousness, Pattern of breathing, Size/reactivity of pupils, Eye position and reflexive responses, Skeletal muscle motor responses |
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Term
| The most critical element of a Neurologic Eval. is |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: patterns of breathing are not useful when evaluating levels of consciousness |
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Definition
| F: Many resp. patterns are helpful |
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Term
| Two basic categories of breathing that help determine levels of consciousness are: |
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Definition
| Hemispheric breathing and Brainstem breathing |
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Term
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations are this type of breathing pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| Agonal breathing, or agonal gasps are this type of breathing pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| Agonal gasps often indicate this event. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a person has alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea, they are exhibiting this type of breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| A period of apnea immediately after hyperventilation, it would be called |
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Definition
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Term
| If the client's head is moved and his/her (open) eyes stay centered in the orbital (don't follow some other point,) it is this sign: |
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Definition
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Term
| Doll's eye signs may be found when you test for ___________ __________ __________ |
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Definition
| Oculocephalic Reflex response |
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Term
| T/F: The Oculovestibular Reflex Test would be conducted by putting a frozen banana in your ear. |
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Definition
| F: that would be ice water |
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Term
| Putting ice water in a patient's ear would test? The test is called the _________ ice water test. |
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Definition
| The Oculovestibular Reflex; Caloric |
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Term
| In the caloric ice water test, normal eye movement would be? |
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Definition
| Conjugate (together) eye movement |
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Term
| T/F: no eye movement during the an Oculovestibular Reflex Test is abnormal |
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Definition
| T: eyes should move in a conjugate manner. |
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Term
| Dysconjugate eye movement means what? |
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Definition
| Eyes don't move in unison |
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Term
| When eyes don't move in unison, it is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a neurological evil., Skeletal Muscle Motor Response can be generally categorized these three ways: |
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Definition
| Purposeful, Inappropriate, Unresponsive |
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Term
| A purposeful skeletal muscle motor response would be . . . . . |
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Definition
| movement in response to a stimuli such as pain |
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Term
| All of the following are signs of diminished consciousness except: A. Grasp Reflex, B. Snout Reflex, C. Patellar Reflex, D. Palmomental Reflex, E. Suck Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Decorticate refers to patient lying balled-up (fetal) on his side |
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Definition
| F: Decorticate is lying rigid and straight with arms curled up with hands over chest |
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Term
| In the decerebrate position the clients body is _________ and straight, with the arms ____________ and hands ___________ |
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Definition
| Rigid, straight, hyperpronated |
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Term
| When all four extremities are in rigid extension, with hyperpronation of forearms and plantar extension of feet, it is called. |
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Definition
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Term
| If client demonstrates flexion of arms, wrists and fingers with adduction in upper extremities; extension, internal rotation and plantar flexion in lower extremities, it is this sign: |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Decorticate and Decerebrate responses often indicate CNS damage at the thoracic level. |
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Definition
| F: these indicate neurologic damage in the brain |
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Term
| Confusion, Disorientation, Lethargy, Obtundation, Stupor and Coma are all levels of _________ Coma |
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Definition
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Term
| When a patient falls asleep easily and is minimally responsive, he/she is demonstrating? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Obtundation is when a gravida begins to "show" |
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Definition
| F: it is when a patient with potential neuorlogic disorders falls asleep easily and show minimal responsiveness |
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Term
| T/F: When in a stupor, light stimuli will cause arousal. |
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Definition
| F: repetitive stimuli only |
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Term
| T/F: When lethargic, light stimuli will cause arousal. |
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Definition
| T: Think how most of us feel after a patho lecture, a little stimuli and we're back-in-the-game! |
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Term
| Brain (brainstem) Death has No/Some chance for recovery |
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Definition
| None. The stem maintains internal homeostasis and all lower functions. Without medical intervention, death will occur |
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Term
| T/F: Brainstem death is reversible with time |
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Definition
| F: The stem maintains internal homeostasis and all lower functions. Without medical intervention, death will occur |
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Term
| If brain damage has occurred and patient has no ability to maintain homeostasis, it is likely that this has occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| Criteria for labeling brain/stem death include: (6) |
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Definition
| Complete all appropriate therapeutic procedures; client is in unresponsive coma; no spontaneous respirations; no cephalic reflexes; isoelectric EEG; all indications persist through 1 and 6 hours after coma and apnea onset |
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Term
| A brain dead patient's lack of spontaneous respirations is called _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| The two cephalic reflexes we look for in a potentially brain death patient. |
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Definition
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Term
| Irreversible coma that does not involve the brainstem but still demonstrates homeostasis: |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In cerebral death, the cerebellum is affected |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Cerebral death results in an irreversible coma |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ can continue in Cerebral Death/coma, allowing for continued breathing, temp., cardio and GI functions. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient remains in a coma or emerges into a vegetative state, they have this type of CNS death: |
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Definition
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Term
| A wakeful, but unconscious state is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| After emerging to a vegetative state, a patient might progress to a minimally conscious state where they will _________ ________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| After an injury to the pons, the client has intact thoughts and level of arousal, but no efferent pathways; they are __________ in. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a patient is locked in, they might communicate through ______ ___ movements. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: A locked in patient cannot feel anything. |
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Definition
| F: their senses function, but they have not efferent (exit) pathways. Cognitive functions are in tact: Hell on Earth! |
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Term
| An abrupt, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons results in a _________? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: A seizure has a sudden transient alteration of brain function |
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Definition
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Term
| Jerky, tonic-clonic movements during a seizure are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Seizures occur where there is a disruption in the balance of __________ and __________, possibly from a membrane defect leading to unstable resting membrane potentials and conductance issues |
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Definition
| excitation and inhibition |
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Term
| The second most common neurologic disorder is ___________ disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Epilepsy is synonymous with seizures? |
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Definition
| F: Epilepsy is a general term for a primary condition that causes seizures |
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Term
| T/F: Epilepsy has no underlying correctable cause, and affects 5-10% of Americans |
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Definition
| F: there is NO UNDERLYING CAUSE, but only affects 5-10/1000 Americans |
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Term
| Seizure syndromes are classified in 3 ways: __________ arise spontaneously w/o known cause & may be genetic; ____________ have identifiable causes; and ___________ which are provoked (caused,) but the etiology is unknown. |
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Definition
| Idiopathic; Symptomatic (the cause is provoked and known); Cryptogenic (cause unknown) |
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Term
| The disease states of cerebral lesions, biochemical disorders, and cerebral trauma may lead to this abrupt, explosive neural discharge event: |
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Definition
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Term
| These acute conditions might lead to a seizure: (3) |
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Definition
| infection, brain tumor, fever |
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Term
| T/F: Drugs, and/or drug withdrawal never contribute to seizures |
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Definition
| F: Buck must have caffeine though that's not why he foams at mouth . . . . |
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Term
| Hypoglycemia, fatigue, sleep deprivation, stimulants, antidepressant-drug-withdrawal, environ. stimuli, and menses all can cause _________? |
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Definition
| You guessed it, seizures! |
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Term
| The type of seizure where consciousness is always impaired |
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Definition
| Generalized - about 30% of seizures. |
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Term
| A partial (focal) seizure victim usually retains _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| A partial (focal) seizure is also know as a __________ seizure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary generalization in a seizure is when . . . |
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Definition
| a partial seizure becomes a generalized seizure |
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Term
| A continuous seizure that occurs for > 5 minutes is called . . . |
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Definition
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Term
| Status epilepticus is very/minimally severe? |
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Definition
| Very - it is a medical emergency because of the resulting cerebral hypoxia. It can result in mental retardation, dementia, other brain damage and/or death. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Seizure phase where muscle contraction w/ increased muscle tone occurs. It is associated with loss of consciousness. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In the Tonic phase of a seizure, one remains conscious and flaccid |
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Definition
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Term
| Seizure phase with alternating muscle contraction and relaxation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Seizure phase immediately following the contractions: immediately following the main symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Postictal State in a seizure describes? |
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Definition
| The period immediately after the seizure. |
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Term
| T/F: An auricle is a partial seizure that immediately precedes the onset of a more generalized seizure. |
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Definition
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Term
| An early manifestation of a seizure that may present days to hours before a seizure is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prodroma, warnings of a potentially impending seizure, may manifest as? |
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Definition
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Term
| A data processing defect where pattern recognition and inability to recognize from and nature of objects is know as? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A claimed lack of knowledge to the origins of the universe and fondness for exquisite beer. |
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Term
| T/F: Agnosia is a tactile deficit |
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Definition
| F: it can be tactile, visual, and auditory |
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Term
| A loss of comprehension or production of language is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: a complete loss of language comprehension or production is Dysphasia |
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Definition
| F: Dysphasia is an IMPAIRMENT of language capabilities |
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Term
| When one understands words but cannot express them, it is ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Expressive dysphasia indicates an issue in this part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptive dysphasia, aka Wernicke's dysphasia, results in? |
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Definition
| Fluent speech but hears others speaking gibberish AND output is nonsense |
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Term
| T/F: Dysphasias are commonly the result of CVA's |
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Definition
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Term
| An acquired mental disorder that results in attention, coherent-thought and action deficits |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs, alcohol, metabolic disorders, CNS/PNS diseases, fever, systemic diseases (heart failure,) head injury or anesthesia can all cause: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is a type of acute confusion (often mistaken for dementia) |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Dementia is typically rapid in onset. |
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Definition
| F: Usually it has a progressive onset. |
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Term
| The most common cognitive deficit of dementia is? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Dementia is not caused by an impaired level of consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common dementia in older adults, affecting 5 million yearly, is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Several forms of Alzheimer's exist in relation to onset: the hereditary form has this onset: |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonhereditary Alzheimer's has this onset: |
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Definition
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Term
| If an older adult demonstrates forgetfulness, lack of concentration, decline in abstract thought and problem solving, and loss of judgment, this may be the cause: |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are found in the brain tissue of Alzheimer Disease victims, except: a. Amyloid beta peptides, b. Senile plaques, c. Neurofibrillary tangles, d. Necrotic Bowman's capsules |
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Definition
| d. Necrotic Bowman's capsules |
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|
Term
| T/F: increase intracranial pressure can cause acute confusion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The normal intracranial pressure, 5-15 mmHg, can be increased by? (4) |
|
Definition
| tumors, edema, excessive CSF, or hemorrhage |
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Term
| Increased intracranial pressure changes cerebral dynamics by altering: |
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Definition
| blood volume and flow and tissue perfusion |
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Term
| An increase in fluid in brain tissue is? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cerebral edema can occur with? (7) |
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Definition
| Trauma, infection, hemorrhage, tumor, ischemia, infarct or hypoxia |
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Term
| T/F: A cerebral edema can cause a hernia |
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Definition
| T: it can displace blood vessels and tissue |
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Term
| Excess fluid in the cranial vault, subarachnoid space or both, is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrocephalus is also referred to more generally as? |
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Definition
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Term
| A child with an enlarged head caused by excess fluid has? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Alterations in Cerebral Spinal Fluid that may cause Hydrocephalus: |
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Definition
| Decreased reabsorption, increased production, blockage of ventricles |
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Term
| An obstruction within the ventricular system of the brain that results in hydrocephalus is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The blockage resulting in noncommunicating hydrocephalus may be caused by? |
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Definition
| a congenital problem, lesion or tumor mass |
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Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus is caused by? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus results from? |
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Definition
| Developmental malformation, head injury, cancer, and/or subarchnoid hemorrhage |
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Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus is also called |
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Definition
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus |
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Term
| Hydrocephalus can be treated with? (2) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hyper- and hypo- tonia would describe what in muscle mass? |
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Definition
| Increase and decrease, respectively. |
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Term
| T/F: Flaccid muscles would likely be called hypertonia. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased muscle tone, spasticity, rigidity and cogwheel motion (intermittent jerky motions through range of overall motion) would indicate ______-tonia. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Paresis is weakness but "plegia" is? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Weakness of upper and lower body on one side is? |
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Definition
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Term
| When one is paralyzed in the lower extremities only, it's called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Paralysis of all extremities is? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Paraplegia retains some muscle tone and may have incomplete loss of muscle power |
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Definition
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Term
| A movement alteration w/ excessive movement, chorea, wandering, resting tremors and postural tremors is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chorea hyperkinesis is often seen in what disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia & Tardive dyskinesia are both types of this alteration in movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Abnormal involuntary movement or spasms are seen in this dyskinesia: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Involuntary facial, trunk and extremity movement are caused by this dyskinesia: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T/F: Huntington's is a sex-linked recessive disease affecting children. |
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Definition
| F: It is autosomal dominant and usually manifests when adults are early middle aged (often after they've already passed on the gene to their children.) |
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|
Term
| This neurotransmitter is depleted in Huntington's victims |
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Definition
| GABA - gamma-amino butyric acid |
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|
Term
| T/F: Huntington's patients demonstrate choreiform movements, improved coordination and disrupted thought process. |
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Definition
| F: coordination is progressively diminished. |
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Term
| A common degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia involving dopamine is? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The dopamine pathway in Parkinson's is affected by reduction of? |
|
Definition
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Term
| If a patient had resting tremors, muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia/slowness, impaired balance, dysarthria/dif. speech, and dysphagia, he would likely have this disease: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This famous actor has Parkinson's and is a strong advocate for research into the disease. |
|
Definition
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