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Term
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| Epidemiology is the study of health-event, health-characteristic, or health-determinant patterns in a population. |
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| What are causes of cancer (broad based)? |
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Definition
| Epigenetic changes coupled with genetic changes and environmental-lifestyle factors cause the development of cancer |
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| Changes are ___ and ___ heritable |
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Definition
| mitotically and meiotically (referring to cell division) |
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| Changes in the phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence |
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| Some things that are modifiable by lifestyle: |
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Definition
| Diet and Pharmacological interventions |
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| Addition of methyl group (CH3) to cytosine ring, abberrant methylation can lead to silencing of tumor suppressing genes |
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| What is methylation? Part II |
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Definition
Not all genes are active at all times.
DNA methylation is one of several epigenetic mechanisms that cells use to control gene expression. |
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| What is methylation? Part III |
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Definition
| DNA methylation is a crucial part of normal organismal development and cellular differentiation in higher organisms. DNA methylation stably alters the gene expression pattern in cells such that cells can "remember where they have been" or decrease gene expression; for example, cells programmed to be pancreatic islets during embryonic development remain pancreatic islets throughout the life of the organism without continuing signals telling them that they need to remain islets. |
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| Deviating from the proper or expected course |
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Definition
| Histone acetylation, alterations in chromatin |
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| What is a histone modification? |
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Definition
| Histone modifications are proposed to affect chromosome function through at least two distinct mechanisms. The first mechanism suggests modifications may alter the electrostatic charge of the histone resulting in a structural change in histones or their binding to DNA. The second mechanism proposes that these modifications are binding sites for protein recognition modules, such as the bromodomains or chromodomains, that recognize acetylated lysines or methylated lysine, respectively. |
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| What are MicroRNAs (miRNAs)? |
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Definition
Small RNA molecules
Target gene expression posttranscripionally,
act as oncogenes or tumor suppressing genes |
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| List some gene-environment risk factors for cancer: |
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Definition
Tobacco
Ionizing Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation
Diet
Obesity
Endogenous Hormones
Alcohol Consumption
Sexual and Reproductive Behavior
Physical Activity
Occupational Hazard
Air Pollution |
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| What's so bad about tabacco? |
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Definition
| It is a multi-potent carcinogenic mixture |
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| Tabacco is liked to cancers of the: |
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Definition
Lung
Lower urinary tract
Digestive tract
Liver, kidney, pancreas,
Cervix, uterine
Myeloid leukemia |
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Definition
Toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food
Activated by phase I activation enzymes
Defense mechanisms
Phase II detoxification enzymes |
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| What are examples of xenobiotics? |
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Definition
Compounds produced in cooking fat, meat, or proteins
What are examples? Teflon pans, sat and unsat fats (margarine), gortex, these compounds change structure when heated
Alkaloids or mold byproducts |
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| Adipose tissue is an actice __ and __ tissue |
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Definition
| endocrine and metabolic tissue |
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Definition
| releases free fatty acids and changes tissue in terms of insulin and glucose, it causes too much insulin and the body reacts to too much insulin in adverse ways |
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| Insulin resistance can cause chronic ____ |
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Definition
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| Obesity is associated with the following cancers: |
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Definition
| Colon, breast, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers |
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| Too much alcohol is associated with the following cancers: |
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Definition
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Liver |
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| The combination of cigarette smoking and overuse of alcohol ___ risk of cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| What is ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
Emission from x-rays, radioisotopes, and other radioactive sources
Exposure causes cell death, gene mutations, and chromosome aberrations
Also have bystander effects
Changes in gap junction intercellular communication |
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| What is electromagnetic radiation? |
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Definition
Exposure to electric and magnetic fields.
Microwaves- wait til it stops
Radar- don't get pulled over( j/k)
High voltage power lines
Fluorescent lights
Computers
Cell phones- get a "party line"
*May contribute to cancer --- studies findings are not conclusive. |
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| List some additional controllable examples of environmental risk factors for cancer: ___, ___ and ____: |
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Definition
| unsafe sexual habits and lack of physical activity and UV exposure |
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| Unsafe sex is linked to risk for: ___ (among other things) |
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Definition
Relationship between these behaviors and carcinogenic types of human papilloma virus
High-risk HPV |
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Term
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Definition
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can cause warts (verrucae), while others can – in a minority of cases – lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and anus in women or cancers of the anus and penis in men. It can also cause cancers of the head and neck (tongue, tonsils and throat). |
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| How does physical activity reduce cancer risk? |
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Definition
by decreasing or favorably altering:
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors
Obesity
Inflammatory mediators
Free radicals
And by increases gut motility- get things moving (out) |
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| What occupational hazards can cause cancer? |
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Definition
Asbestos
Dyes, rubber, paint, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, air pollution, etc.
Radon
Pesticides
Toxic wastes |
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| What may be in the air that can cause cancer? |
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Definition
Industrial emissions, arsenicals, benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, mustard gas, vinyl chloride.
Cigarette smoke, radon |
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| What are cancer risks for an unborn baby? |
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Definition
Lack of proper nutrition
Exposure to toxins
Stressors
Adverse lifestyle choices by mother |
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| How is an infant possibly at risk for cancer? |
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Definition
Exposure to toxins in breast milk
Gene-environment interactions |
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Term
| Ultraviolet radiation can cause: |
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Definition
Causes basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Principal source is sunlight
Ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) |
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Term
| UV radiations is dangerous because: |
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Definition
| Promotes skin inflammation and release of free radicals |
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Term
| How are free radicals formed? |
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Definition
| When weak bonds split, free radicals are formed. Free radicals are very unstable and react quickly with other compounds, trying to capture the needed electron to gain stability. Generally, free radicals attack the nearest stable molecule, "stealing" its electron. When the "attacked" molecule loses its electron, it becomes a free radical itself, beginning a chain reaction. Once the process is started, it can cascade, finally resulting in the disruption of a living cell. |
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| How do free radicals affect the body? |
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Definition
| Normally, the body can handle free radicals, but if antioxidants are unavailable, or if the free-radical production becomes excessive, damage can occur. Of particular importance is that free radical damage accumulates with age. |
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| How do free radicals and anti-oxidants interact? |
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Definition
| The vitamins C and E, are thought to protect the body against the destructive effects of free radicals. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons, ending the electron-"stealing" reaction. The antioxidant nutrients themselves don't become free radicals by donating an electron because they are stable in either form. They act as scavengers, helping to prevent cell and tissue damage that could lead to cellular damage and disease. |
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| What is so great about antioxidants? |
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Definition
| The antioxidants are believed to help protect the body from free-radical damage. |
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| What's so great about Vitamin E? |
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Definition
| The most abundant fat-soluble antioxidant in the body. One of the most efficient chain-breaking antioxidants available. Primary defender against oxidation. Primary defender against lipid peroxidation (creation of unstable molecules containing more oxygen than is usual). |
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| What's so great about Vitamin C? |
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Definition
| The most abundant water-soluble antioxidant in the body. Acts primarily in cellular fluid. Of particular note in combating free-radical formation caused by pollution and cigarette smoke. Also helps return vitamin E to its active form. |
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| What vitamin can help reduce the risk of cancer? |
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Definition
| Many studies have correlated high vitamin C intakes with low rates of cancer, particularly cancers of the mouth, larynx and esophagus. |
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Term
| TQ: Tabacco use is assocaited with cancer of the: |
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Definition
| Esophagus (aerodigestive track in general) |
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| TQ: In women, obesity is assocaiated with cancer of the: |
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Definition
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| TQ: Ultraviolet light causes this cancer: |
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Definition
| Basal cell carcinoma. This is known as photocarcinogenesis |
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| What is photocarcinogenesis? |
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Definition
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