Term
| FSH, LH, [Testosteron], & sperm count in kleinfelter syndrome |
|
Definition
FSH & LH are high
Testosterone & sperm count are low (Sertoli cells & seminiferous tubules are absent. Leydig cells are damaged & thus don't produce enough T)
this is the most common pattern |
|
|
Term
| Acute onset of blindness in person w/ afib. What will the ophtlamoscopic exam look like? |
|
Definition
Retinal artery occlusion
You will see a "cherry red macula" b.c. the macula receives blood from the choroid artery (directly branches from middle cerebral), The retina gets its blood from the retinal artery, a branch of the opthalmic artery that comes directly off the internal carotid |
|
|
Term
| Lead inhibits these two enzymes of heme synthesis |
|
Definition
ALA dehydrogenase
Ferrochelatase
NOTE: ALA synthase is X-linked sideroblastic anemia; porphobilinogen deaminase is AIP; uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is PCT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MEN1 = PPP (parathyroid adenoma, pancreatic tumors, pituitary adenomas); MENIN gene (Chr11)
MEN2a = PPM (Parathyroid, Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma); RET (Chr 10)
MEN2b = PMM (Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, Mucosal neuromas/marfanoid habitus) ; RET |
|
|
Term
| which step in the tca cycle produces FADH2? |
|
Definition
Succinate -> fumarate (mediated by succinate dehydrogenase)
remember FADH2 goes directly into ETC |
|
|
Term
| Firs step in management of someone with suspected malabsorption (i.e. signs of steatorrhea) |
|
Definition
collect stool and look for steatorrhea
fat absorption physiology is most complex, and thus is most sensitive measure for malabsorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cough
Coriza
Conjunctivitis
Koplik Spots |
|
|
Term
What part of the lung (upper, middle, lower lobes) does the panacinar emphysema of alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency primarily affect?
the centriacinar of smoking? |
|
Definition
A1AT def = panacinar emphysema in lower lobes
Smoking = centriacinar emphysema in upper lobes |
|
|
Term
The "hyper-" problems of thiazides (4)
HINT: the first one is hyperuricemia |
|
Definition
1) Hyperuricemia (b.c. it competes fro excretion)
2) Hypercalcemia
3) Hyperlipidemia
4) Hyperglycemia (related to increased K+; theory says b.c. hyperpolarized B-cells will release less insulin)
They also cause HYPOkalemia & HYPOtension (by decreasing blood volume & PVR)
Other theory about hyperglycemia & decreased PVR is that thiazides are ATP-dependent K+ channel openers |
|
|
Term
| old man with back pain nor relieved by rest or position change. History of urgency, nocturia, frequency, hesitancy. |
|
Definition
Prostate cancer metastasized to bone
Back pain not relieved by rest is characteristic |
|
|
Term
| A burst berry aneurism will result in what type of brain hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| subarachnoid --> headache, meningeal irritation (nuchal rigidity), papilledema/pupillary dilation may be present, but there are no focal neurological findings (unlike intracerebral hemorrhage) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks VMAT; may lead to depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevent organification
PTU also prevents peripheral conversion (like propranolol)
PTU can be used in pregnancy, Methimazole can't (teratogenic) |
|
|
Term
| Pt w/ chronic hemolytic anemia develops macrocytosis. Why? |
|
Definition
folate deficiency
People w/ chronic hemolytic anemia are prone to folate deficiency b.c. of the turnover |
|
|
Term
| Tender red lumps (panniculitis) usually over shins seen in patients w/ sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
erythema nodosum
also seen in: hepatitis C, TB, strep, EBV, other infections, Cancer, Bechet's disease, drug reaction (e.g. sulfa) |
|
|
Term
| What structure does the process/tunica vaginalis derive from? |
|
Definition
the peritoneum
Testes drag a double layer through the ingunal canal. this eventually obliterates & just becomes the process vaginalis |
|
|
Term
holosystolic murmur at the apex that radiates to the axilla
What is a reliable ausculatory finding that indicates severity of this patients problem? |
|
Definition
mitral regurge
An S3 indicates that the ventricle has undergone dilation due to a chronic increase in EDV |
|
|
Term
p50 of HbA is ~26mmHg & the O2-dissociation curve is sigmoid (from heme-heme interactions
p50 of myoglobin is ~1mmHg & curve is hyperbolic)
If Hemoglobin chains were in solution as monomers, what would their curve look like? |
|
Definition
| Hyperbolic with a much lower p50 than tetrameric heme (no cooperative heme-heme interactions) |
|
|
Term
| describe molecular pathogenesis of fragile-X syndrome |
|
Definition
| FXS is a trinucleotide repeat expansion disease (CGG). Hypermethylation of this repeat expansion leads to FMR1 (familial mental retardation 1) gene silencing |
|
|
Term
| Common MOA of Amphotericin B causing anemia & arrhythmias? |
|
Definition
AmphoB is renal toxic
Anemia from decreased EPO
Arrhythmias from hypokalemia & hypomagnesemia |
|
|
Term
| Infant with macrocephaly, irritability, muscle hypertonicity, & hyperreflexia |
|
Definition
| Hydrocephalus (caused by arnold chiari type 2, cerebral aqueduct stenosis, or prenatal infections (e.g. toxo) |
|
|
Term
| inheritence of myotonic dystrophy? |
|
Definition
AD: triplet repeat disease
preferentially affects type 1 fibers (slow twitch); presentation from childhood to late adulthood. Myotonic contractions, cataracts, frontal balding, gonadal atrophy |
|
|
Term
| diarrhea that doesn't improve with fasting or dietary modifications |
|
Definition
| secretory diarrhea (infection (e.g. cholera), VIPoma, etc) |
|
|
Term
| 29 y.o. woman comes in with eye pain on movement. Later she develops intention tremor. |
|
Definition
this is MS
Eye pain on movement is called optic neuritis. MS can present with pretty much any neurological problem. It preferentially affects people between 20-30 y.o. |
|
|
Term
VACTERL congenital anomalies?
if kid has imperforate anus, what is the most common additional defect? |
|
Definition
Vertebral anomalies
Anal atresia
Cardiac anomalies
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Esophageal atresia
Renal abnormalities
Limb anomalies
Imperforate anus is most commonly associated w/ urogenital abnormalities (urorectal, urovesicle, urovaginal fistulas) |
|
|
Term
| vasopression works through V_ receptors to increase permeability to both H2O & ____ in the collecting duct |
|
Definition
V2 receptors
H2O & Urea
(someone with diabetes insipidus will DECREASE urea clearance after exogenous vasopressin is given) |
|
|
Term
What positively regulates glycogen breakdown?
How is this regulated in muscle to meat demands of exercise? |
|
Definition
PKA (via Gs, think epinephrine)
PKA phosphorylates (& activates) glycogen phosphorylase kinase (the enzyme that breaks down glycogen)
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activity is increased by binding calcium allosterically. Ca++ doesn't directly activate it, but it changes how much glycogen is being broken down in the background of constant PKA activity. |
|
|
Term
| What will happen to LH & FSH when first initiating leuprolide therapy? |
|
Definition
| they will increase at first, then decrease |
|
|
Term
Name the disorder:
1) Capillary hemangioblastomas (retina & cerebellum), cysts or neoplasms (in kidney, liver, pancreas), renal cell carcinoma (possibly bilateral)
2) Cafe-au-lait spots, lisch nodules, Pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas, neural tumors, & skeletal anomalies (e.g. scoliosis)
3) Bilateral acoustic neuromas. Juvenile cataracts
4) Cutaneous angiofibromas, visceral cysts (e.g. renal, liver, pancreas), hamartomas (in CNS & other places), renal angiolipomas, & cardiac rhabdomyomas
5) Facial (in trigeminal distribution) & leptomeningeal angiomas |
|
Definition
1) Von Hippel-Lindau
2) NF1
3) NF2
4) Tuberous sclerosis
5) Sturge Weber |
|
|
Term
| recurrent renal stones in a young person with positive cyanide-nitroprusside urine test (urine turns red-purple w/ addition of cyanide then nitroprusside) |
|
Definition
Cystinuria
dibasic amino acids (ornithine, lysine, cystine) can't be reabsorbed in urine. Cystine precipitates @ pH <6 |
|
|
Term
Unvaccinated kid comes in with throat pain. Pseudomembran is seen. He most likely will die from what?
How does the vaccine protect against this? |
|
Definition
Cardiotoxicity & neural toxicity
The AB5 toxin, when it goes systemic, causes cardiotoxicity & neurotoxicity (neuropathy, paralysis, coma)
TDaP vaccine causes antibodies to be formed against the AB5 toxin (B subunit) |
|
|
Term
| AB5 toxins. Which part binds the cells? Which part does the damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person from a russian prison comes in with fever, night sweats, & cough. Sputum grows candida. Diagnosis |
|
Definition
NOT CANDIDA. he probably just contaminated the sputum sample from his oral pharynx.
This presentation is suggestive of TB |
|
|
Term
| how can people with essential fructosuria (loss of fructokinase) still metabolize fructose? |
|
Definition
| Via Hexokinase -> dumps fructose out @ fructose 6 phosphate step |
|
|
Term
| atypical antidepressant w/ no sexual side effects? |
|
Definition
Bupropion
This drug acts mostly on NE (no effect on other neurotransmitters). It is non-sedating (SE include agitation, insomnia, and seizures). It is good for depressives w/ hypersomnia or those who want to avoid sexual side effects |
|
|
Term
| Tx malignant hyperthermia induced by inhaled anesthetics with? |
|
Definition
Dantrolene
This drug binds RyR & prevents intracellular calcium release from muscles |
|
|
Term
10 y.o. w/ vomiting, hepatomegaly. Elevated LFTs, ammonia, billirubin, PT & PTT. Light microscopy of liver shows microvesicular steatosis w/out necrosis or inflammation
Hyperammonianemia also causes encephalopathy |
|
Definition
Reye's syndrome
Don't give aspirine to a kid <16. Kawasaki's disease is the exception. |
|
|
Term
1) Most common cause of death in an in-hospital MI?
2) Most common complication of fibrinolytic therapy?
3) How long after MI is the wall most likely to rupture? |
|
Definition
1) LV failure/cardiogenic shock
2) bleeding
3) 3-7 days post MI |
|
|
Term
| How do estrogen & progesterone work together to make gallstones? |
|
Definition
Estrogen: increase HMG-CoA reductase -> increase cholestrol synthesis & thus excretion in bile
Progesterone: Decrease bile acid excretion into bile (causing cholesterol supersaturation); AND causing gallbladder hypomotility |
|
|
Term
| 3 week old comes in with acholic stools & dark urine. Liver biopsy shows cholestasis and bile duct prolif, fibrosis, & edema. |
|
Definition
Biliary atresia
usually occurs during the 3-5 week of life. Surgical intervention to recanalize the duct is essential |
|
|
Term
| 1 year old comes in with painful swelling of hands and feat. Haptoglobin is low. |
|
Definition
| Sickle cell disease presenting as dactylitis |
|
|
Term
| Measles (rubeola) or German Measles (rubella) more likely to have post-auricular tenderness |
|
Definition
Rubella (German Measles)
Rubella is a Togavirus (rubeola is a paramyxo)
The question said that MMR is required for all immigrants, so it's unlikely that someone would present with rubeola |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps in treating someone w/ C.diphtheria who isn't vaccinated? |
|
Definition
in order:
1) Diphtheria antitoxin
2) Penicillin or erythromycin
3) DPT vaccine |
|
|
Term
| remember to look for auer rods in every smear they give you that may be leukemia! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) Terbinafin MOA
2) Caspofungin MOA |
|
Definition
1) Inhibits squalene epoxidase
2) Inhibits B1,3 glucan synthase (also eichinocandin) |
|
|
Term
Hepatocyte ballooning degeneration
Councilman body |
|
Definition
Hepatitis infection (A, B, C, D, or E)
Necrotic hepatocyte that appears as large, eosinophilic mass. Typically seen in hepatitis. Results from T-cell attack |
|
|
Term
What inherited disease has the same spinal cord degenerative pattern as VitE & B12 deficiency?
What is this pattern? |
|
Definition
Friedreich ataxia (AR; frataxin. loss causes mitochondrial dysfunction)
Dorsal columns & spinocerebellar tracts |
|
|
Term
probability a kid will have an X-linked disease if:
- Parents of mother are asymptomatic
- Mother's brother has disease
- The sex of the child is unknown |
|
Definition
| 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/8 (it'd be 1/4 if they knew the child was male) |
|
|
Term
| Which infection do you see koilocytes with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic lymphatic obstruction -> bruise-like structure that eventually crusts & ulcerates. histology shows infiltration of dermis w/ slit-like vascular spaces |
|
Definition
| lymphangiosarcoma (or just angiosarcoma) from long-standing lymphedema (e.g. radical mastectomy) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the heart lays on the diaphragm? Which coronary artery supplies this part? |
|
Definition
mostly the inferior wall of the left ventricle. some is formed by the IV septum & very little if any by the RV.
Right Coronary Artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents carbohydrate polymerization in mycobacterial wall (inhibits arabinosyl transferase)
SE include optic neuritis w/ decreased vision acuity, color blindness, & scotoma |
|
|
Term
| Do edrophonium & neostigmine cross BBB? Physostigmine? |
|
Definition
Edrophonium & Neostigmine do not
Physostigmine does (so do echothiophate & donepezil --> used for alzheimers) |
|
|
Term
| Name cofactors needed for Pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate -> acetyl-CoA) & alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (AKG -> succinyl CoA) |
|
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Lipoic acid
NAD+
FAD |
|
|
Term
| What is PTH & Serum Ca++ in primary osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name condition for each lab value:
1) High PTH, Low Ca
2) High PTH, High Ca
3) Low PTH, High Ca |
|
Definition
1) Renal failure or VitD deficiency
2) Primary hyperparathyroidism
3) Malignancy, VitD toxicity, too much Ca ingestion, thyrotoxicosis, immobilization |
|
|
Term
What is the analogous structure in N.meningitidis compared to LPS in gram negative bacteria?
What does the serum level of this product signify? |
|
Definition
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
Serum level reflects the severity of the disease. A high LOS correlates with a poor outcome. It mediates the systemic inflammatory response, characterized by production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL6, IL8. It is implicated in formation of hemorrhagic bullae found in meningococcemia & Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. |
|
|
Term
| What serogroup of N.meningitis not covered by a vaccine? |
|
Definition
Group B. The capsular antigen doesn't produce a strong immune response. It's thought that it has homology to human neural cell adhesion molecule.
NOTE: this vaccine is toxoid (diphteria) linked to stimulate T-cell response.
Thus, although a vaccine exists, people still get meningococcal meningitis. |
|
|
Term
| What does PTH do to osteoblasts? |
|
Definition
causes them to express RANKL & IL1 (osteoclast stimulating factor)
PTH has no effect on osteoclasts, just indirect effect via the osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
What source of energy is needed to create PEP from Oxaloacetate?
What is this the first step of? |
|
Definition
1) Need GTP (derived from succinyl CoA -> succinate)
2) This is the first step in gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| How long before liver is depleted of glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 etiologies of pulmonary hypertension? |
|
Definition
1) Idiopathic or hereditary (BMPR2)
2) Left heart failure
3) HIV infection
4) Multiple pulmonary embolism
5) Chronic hypoxia (e.g. sleep apnea, COPD, etc)
The histopathology consists of "plexiform lesions" |
|
|
Term
| Patient with facial rash & proteinuria has chest pains that are relieved with sitting up/leaning forward. |
|
Definition
Lupus pericarditis
REMEMBER: lupus causes serous membrane inflammation -> can cause pleuritis & pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| constant middle or left chest pain that radiates to back, arms, or shoulders. Pain increases w/ inspiration & is relieved by sitting up and leaning forward. |
|
Definition
Pericarditis
can also hear friction rub. |
|
|
Term
| Person treated for TB gets peripheral neuropathy why? |
|
Definition
INH is structurally similar to B6 -> inhibits pyridoxine phosphokinase
INH also binds directly to B6 & INCREASES URINARY EXCRETION
B6 deficiency creates peripheral neuropathies b.c. synthesis of certain neurotransmitters are inhibited
NOTE: neuropathy & SLE are both more common in slow acetylators |
|
|
Term
Put these vessels in order of involvement with atherosclerosis:
Internal carotids
Abdominal aorta
Coronary arteries
Popliteal arteries
Circle of Willis |
|
Definition
1) Abdominal aorta (esp around ostea of major arterial branches)
2) Coronary
3) Popliteal
4) Internal carotids
5) Circle of willis |
|
|
Term
Lady with autoimmune disease presents with itching and an elevated alk phos. Anti-mitochondrial antibodies are present.
Possible autoimmune conditions: Sjogrens, hashimotos, Raynaud's, scleroderma, celiac |
|
Definition
Primary biliary cirrhosis.
IgM is elevated in both PBC & primary sclerosing cholagnitis. In PSC, the antibodies are: anti-smooth muscle & pANCA |
|
|
Term
| 5 enzymatic steps that thiamine (B1) is a cofactor for? |
|
Definition
1) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
2) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
3) Transketolase (in pentose-phosphate shunt: converts pentoses to to glyceraldehyde)
4) Branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase (same as other dehydrogenase rxns, but with branched chain deaminated amino acids (i.e. isoleucine, leucine, valine))
5) Alpha-oxidation (removes formyl CoA from phytanoic acid) |
|
|
Term
| Person with painful peripheral neuropathy gets urinary retention. What happened? |
|
Definition
| treated with tricyclic (e.g. amytriptyline) |
|
|
Term
| How does timolol improve glaucoma |
|
Definition
Beta Blockers reduce aqueous humor production
Cholinomimetics(pilocarpine and carbachol) cause miosis & promote iris sphincter contraction, opening up trabecular meshwork of outflow tract
(they also cause vision disturbances b.c. ciliary muscles contract)
*NOTE: Pilocarpine is used in emergencies**
Latanoprost (PGF2): increased aqueous outflow |
|
|
Term
Name action of each enzyme:
1) Lactate dehydrogenase
2) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
3) Pyruvate carboxylase |
|
Definition
1) converts pyruvate->lactate
2) converts pyruvate->acetyl CoA (needs B1, NAD+, FAD, lipoic acid)
3) Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
NOTE: thiamine deficiency can cause lactic acidosis because it will decrease the pyruvate dehydrogenase step, and thus a compensatory increase in lactate dehydrogenase will occur!!!! |
|
|
Term
| bulge under the inguinal ligament that protrudes with abdominal strain. What boarders it laterally? |
|
Definition
| Femoral hernia. Boardered laterally by femoral vein (remember nerve-artery-vein-emptyspace-lymphatics |
|
|
Term
What 2 steps in catecholamine synthesis do you need tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for?
What other neurotransmitter do you need it for its synthesis? |
|
Definition
the first 2:
1) Phenylalanine->Tyrosine (deficiency can cause a form of PKU)
2) Tyrosine->DOPA (this can unmask itself when PKU is thought to be corrected by phenylalanine restriction & tyrosine supplementation)
Also need BH4 for serotonin synthesis (& nitric oxide!) |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 things you need BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) for? |
|
Definition
1) Phenylalanine->tyrosine
2) Tyrosine->DOPA
3) Serotonin synthesis (hydroxylates tryptophan: step before decarboxylation to 5HT)
4) Nitric oxide synthesis (used by eNOS) |
|
|
Term
Name function of each:
1) RNA pol1
2) RNA pol2
3) RNA pol3 |
|
Definition
1) Synthesizes rRNA
2) Synthesizes mRNA, snRNP, microRNA
3) Synthesizes tRNA & 5S rRNA (only rRNA to not be synthesized by RNApol1 in nucleolus)
Just think about what synthesizes the most RNA to the least RNA (rRNA is by far the most abundant RNA in a cell);
NOTE: only RNApol2 is significantly regulated (logical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person comes in with hyper or hypoglycemia, steatorrhea, & gallstones. Pancreatic mass is seen on imaging. diagnosis? |
|
Definition
Somatostatinoma (delta cells)
Somatostatin decreases secretion of pretty much every GI hormone (secretin, CCK, glucagon, insulin, and gastrin)
hyper or hypoglycemia and gallstones can also occur as a side effect of octreotide |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of death in patients w/ diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name prophylactic antibiotic for each:
1) TB
2) N.meninigitis
3) N.gonorrhea
4) PCP pneumonia (in HIV+)
5) Toxo (in HIV+)
6) MAC (in HIV+) |
|
Definition
1) INH
2) Rifampin
3) Ceftriaxone
4) TMP-SMX
5) TMP-SMX
6) Azithromycin |
|
|
Term
| Which neurophysiological electrical parameter will change with demyelination (e.g. MS) |
|
Definition
| Space constant (i.e. distance an action potential can travel before it is extinguished) |
|
|
Term
Insulin with:
1) shortest time to peak?
2) Duration of action similar to NPH
3) Longest acting |
|
Definition
1) Aspart, lispro, glulispro
2) Lente
3) Glargine |
|
|
Term
| Do patients bleed sponatneously in HUS/TTP? |
|
Definition
NO.
However, this is commonly seen in DIC (e.g. person starts bleeding out of their venopuncture sites) |
|
|
Term
| How does the ACL & PCL attach in regards to lateral & medial attachment sites on the femur & tibia |
|
Definition
Remember: ACL is always in front PCL
ACL: attaches to the femur laterally, & the tibia medially
PCL: attaches to the femur medially and the tibia laterally |
|
|
Term
| is the cartilage included in the Reid index? |
|
Definition
no.
Reid index = thickness of mucus glands divided by thickness of surface epithelium to serosal membrane (>0.5 is a positive test for chronic bronchitis) |
|
|
Term
| If you see an auer rod, you can immediately diagnose what? |
|
Definition
| AML (& chances are it's APL) |
|
|
Term
| Oliguria, fever, rash days to weeks after starting drug. Urine may have eosinophils |
|
Definition
Acute interstitial nephritis. This is a drug reaction (type 4) affecting the kidney interstitium & tubules
Common drugs are: NSAIDs, Diuretics, Penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common complication of varicose veins? |
|
Definition
Venous thrombosis & blood stasis of superficial veins causing skin ulceration (most commonly on medial maleolus)
It is very rare to get a thromboembolism from the superficial veins where varicose veins develop (in contrast to the deep veins) |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria grown on medium with vancomycin, polymyxin, nystatin, and TMP |
|
Definition
| Niesseria (thayer martin media) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same thing as the soma (cell body) of a neuron |
|
|
Term
| rapidly progressing dementia and myoclonic jerks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name DNA repair defect in each case:
1) Ataxia Telangiectasia
2) XP
3) Fanconi's anemia
4) Blooms syndrome
5) HPNCC |
|
Definition
1) Double stranded break repair (susceptible to radiation)
2) DNA excision repair
3) DNA repair complex defect (especially strand cross-linking repair)
4) Helicase deficiency causing DNA errors & damage
(Manifestations of BS = immunodeficiency & malignancies; short stature)
5) DNA mismatch repair (colon & other cancers)
ASIDE: AT has elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels |
|
|
Term
Person comes into ER with obvious signs of trauma and:
1) acute onset neurological abnormalities
2) hypoxemia
3) petechial rash |
|
Definition
Fat emboli from fractured bone
Fat emboli, athough they travel up veins, can get into systemic circulation (via AV shunts in lungs) and cause cerebral infarcts & rash. |
|
|
Term
| Person with prosthetic heart valve or previous valvular damage (e.g. rheumatic fever) has acute febrile illness culminating in death. |
|
Definition
| bacterial endocarditis. Valve abnormalities are a major risk factor |
|
|
Term
| what are valvular vegetations associated with bacterial endocarditis made up of? |
|
Definition
Fibrin & platelets
I got this wrong b.c. I put liquifactive necrosis. Liquifactive necrosis is the process when bacteria form an abscess. |
|
|
Term
proteinuria
edema
hyperlipidemia with lipiduria |
|
Definition
| nephrotic syndrome (>3.5g/day of protein in urine) |
|
|
Term
| name class Ia antiarrhythmics |
|
Definition
Quinine, procainamide, disopyramide
Prolong depolarization & QT interval |
|
|
Term
| What part of the HPG axis is messed up in an anorexic that has amenorrhea? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus: pulsatile GnRH release is lost |
|
|
Term
| What are signs that are specific to Graves disease and not other hyperthyroid causes? |
|
Definition
Pretibial myxedema & exophthalmos
NOTE: pretibial myxedema can rarely be seen in Hashimotos
NOTE: myxedema is impaired mental function related to hypothyroidism (distinct from pretibial myxedema) |
|
|
Term
| Where is ACh deficient in Alzheimers? What is the cause of this deficiency? |
|
Definition
Nucleus Basalis of Meynert & the Hippocampus
Caused by decreased levels of choline acetyltransferase (CAT gene) |
|
|
Term
| what is the main mechanism of birth control w/ combined OCPs? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of ovulation via suppression of gonadotropins (LH & FSH) |
|
|
Term
| patient w/ signs of pituitary adenoma (e.g. mild headache, decreased libido, bitemporal heminanopsia) comes in with acute severe headache, bitemporal heminapsia, & cranial nerve palsies (e.g. diplopia etc) |
|
Definition
Pituitary apoplexy: hemorrhage into preexisting pituitary adenoma. Meningeal irritation may be present, thus bitemporal heminanopsia is a very suggestive sign.
this is an emergency. ACTH loss leads to adrenocorticoid insufficiency & CV collapse |
|
|
Term
| most common site for carcinoid tumors? |
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Definition
| ileum. Also found in appendix & rectum |
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