Term
| Improvement has been seen in the number of clients attaining undetectable viral loads, improved CD4 counts, and overall survival on this drug program |
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Definition
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) |
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Term
| what does (HAART) stand for? |
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Definition
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy |
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Term
| Once a person is infected with HIV, crucial immune cells called _______q are disabled and killed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transmission of the virus occurs primarily by three modes: |
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Definition
| (1) sexual contact (includes oral, vaginal, and anal sex); (2) direct blood contact (intravenous drug use with shared needles and blood transfusions [now extremely rare in the United States]); and (3) mother to child (through shared maternal-fetal blood circulation, by direct blood contact during delivery, or in breast milk). |
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Term
| Two surrogate markers (laboratory measurements that substitute for real measures of health) routinely used for determining initiation of treatment and monitoring the efficacy of therapy are |
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Definition
| the CD4 T-cell count and the plasma HIV RNA (or viral load [VL], |
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Term
| The goals of HAART include |
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Definition
| ecreasing the VL to undetectable levels, preserving and increasing the number of CD4 T-cells, preventing resistance, having the client in good clinical condition, and preventing secondary infections and cancers. |
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Term
| Failure to take combination therapy as directed can lead to |
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Definition
| resistance to or failure of antiretroviral agents |
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Term
| 3 main antiretroviral classifcations: |
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Definition
| reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors |
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Term
| _____ act by blocking the reverse transcriptase enzyme needed for viral replication. |
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Definition
| Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
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Term
| what prevent viral replication by competing with binding of the reverse transcriptase enzyme at the active site. |
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Definition
| Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors |
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Term
| Protease Inhibitors (PIs) etiology |
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Definition
| prevents HIV virus from attaching to the cell walls, greatly reducing viral infection chances |
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Term
| This class of agents targets prevention of the fusion of HIV and CD4 cell and prevents passing the viral genome to the CD4 cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| For women who are pregnant, an additional goal is to prevent mother-to-child transmission, with a goal of viral suppression to less than _____ copies/mL to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV to the fetus or newborn. |
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Definition
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Term
| A woman infected with HIV can transmit the virus during _(4 moments) |
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Definition
| pregnancy, labor and delivery, and through breastfeeding. |
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Term
| If no preventative drugs are taken and breastfeeding is practiced, the chance of the baby becoming infected is 20% to 45%. Medications, when combined with other interventions (e.g., formula feeding), reduces the risk of transmission to |
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Definition
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Term
| For the HIV-infected________ who is not on antiretroviral agents and is indicated for therapy, HAART should be initiated avoiding the use of EFV or other potentially teratogenic agents. |
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Definition
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Term
| (treatment regimens after percutaneous exposure to HIV |
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Definition
| postexposure prophylaxis (PEP |
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Term
| Management of a potential HIV exposure needs to be initiated within hours of the event and continued |
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Definition
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Term
1. A client has been prescribed HAART therapy following a laboratory test that indicated an increasing viral load. The client reports that he's glad to have a choice of medications from which to choose so he will have an easier time with daily medications. What should the nurse's response include?
a. Education about the importance of using multiple medications concurrently
b. Written information about the scheduling of his medications with meals
c. Support and encouragement for the client's readiness for treatment
d. Guidelines for follow-up laboratory monitoring and clinic appointments |
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Definition
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Term
2. A client who has been taking antiretroviral treatment for 6 months indicates increasing difficulty managing the daily dosing and remembering to take the medications at frequent but inconvenient times throughout the day. In discussing the plan of treatment with the health care team, what should the nurse recommend?
a. Consulting with the dietician to manage food and medication management for greatest efficacy
b. Monitoring the client's laboratory values more frequently
c. Asking the client to bring a significant other to the next appointment to help monitor medication management
d. Using a single daily dose of coformulated medication |
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Definition
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Term
3. During routine prenatal testing, a client was newly diagnosed with HIV infection. To help prevent perinatal transmission of HIV to the fetus, what should the nurse do?
a. Provide the parents with contact information for the local AIDS support group.
b. Educate the client about the risks of HIV disease to her unborn child.
c. Notify the CDC of the client's diagnosis.
d. Provide written and oral education about the use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. |
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Definition
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Term
4. During a routine visit, a client asks how she is supposed to follow all the blood values in her laboratory results. She wonders if she will ever understand how to tell that her condition is improving as a result of her prescribed antiretroviral medications. The nurse explains that which is the best lab value to track to see results of antiretroviral treatment?
a. Serum creatinine level
b. CD4 T-cell level
c. Lipids
d. Hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
5. When a client does not appear for her routine clinic visit, the nurse calls to ask about the missed visit. The client says, “I really don't need to come any longer. I'm so thankful I no longer have HIV.” The nurse finds that the laboratory results indicated an “undetectable” HIV viral load and that the client stopped her medication several weeks earlier. What is the nurse's best response?
a. Inform the client that she must be seen immediately because the undetectable viral load indicates that her medication stopped working.
b. Have the client reschedule the clinic visit.
c. Congratulate the client on her treatment success.
d. Educate the client about the continued need for her medications and ongoing laboratory monitoring. |
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Definition
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